Endosseous Dental Implant Materials and Clinical Outcomes of Different Alloys: A Systematic Review

Abstract

In recent years, implantology has made significant progress, as it has now become a safe and predictable practice. The development of new geometries, primary and secondary, of new surfaces and alloys, has made this possible. The purpose of this review is to analyze the different alloys present on the market, such as that in zirconia, and evaluate their clinical differences with those most commonly used, such as those in grade IV titanium. The review, conducted on major scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and MDPI yielded a startling number of 305 results. After the application of the filters and the evaluation of the results in the review, only 10 Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) were included. Multiple outcomes were considered, such as Marginal Bone Level (MBL), Bleeding on Probing (BoP), Survival Rate, Success Rate and parameters related to aesthetic and prosthetic factors. There are currently no statistically significant differences between the use of zirconia implants and titanium implants, neither for fixed prosthetic restorations nor for overdenture restorations. Only the cases reported complain about the rigidity and, therefore, the possibility of fracture of the zirconium. Certainly the continuous improvement in these materials will ensure that they could be used safely while maintaining their high aesthetic performance.

Nanotopographical cues for regulation of macrophages and osteoclasts: emerging opportunities for osseointegration

“…Since Brånemark, Schroeder and their colleagues discovered the phenomenon of osseointegration in the late 1960s and early 1970s, titanium (Ti) based biomaterials have been widely used as bone implants [ 1 – 4 ]. In brief, osseointegration refers to the direct structural and functional connection between living bone and implant surface, which is the basis for the stable placement and maintenance of implants in bone [ 5 ].…”

Advancement in ceramic biomaterials for dental implants

“…Ti has mechanical solid power and a 12% elongation at break (240 MPa for tensile properties). The elastic modulus is equivalent to bone (1.1 GPa) and is relatively low 2 . Ti as the implant is used in many medical specialties, especially for oral implants, orthopedics, and neurological surgery.…”

“…Despite their historical use by ancient civilizations, modern issues arise, with nearly 3 million more problems associated with dental implants than other medical devices, as reported in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) datasets. [1][2][3] The evolution of implants includes Dr. Cherchieve's dual helix spiral implant in the 1960s and the stainless-steel ramus blade endogenous implant in the 1970s. According to information from the American Society of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgeons in the year 2019, an estimated 100 000 and 300 000 patients receive dental implants yearly.…”

Recent Advancements in Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Implants

“…The inferior mechanical properties of monolithic ceramics can be overcome by composite ceramics while diminishing the limitations of each component. The remarkable properties of composites such as the weight to strength ratio enable them to be used extensively for the restoration of bones, ligaments, and dental fillings [38]. Moreover, the composites prepared through the combination of bioactive and bioinert ceramics show better bioactivity and mechanical strength [39].…”