Endosperm Development in Maize

Kowles, Richard; Phillips, Ronald L.

doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62007-0

Cited by 110 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…The initiation of cellularization was variable with regard to timing, endosperm size, and number of nuclei. Cellularization in B73 initiates ~2.5-4 DAP (~40-46 GDD) and ends at 4-5 DAP (~65-72 GDD); the process occurs rapidly, taking about 1 d. Our observations agree with those made by others for various lines of maize, with cellularization of the endosperm occurring rapidly, often being fully cellular as early as 4 DAP ( Randolph, 1936 ;Cooper, 1951 ;Kowles and Phillips, 1988 ;Olsen, 2001 ). Our observations also align with a previous study of greenhouseand fi eld-grown W64A, where cellularization began ~43 GDD and ended ~62 GDD after pollination ( Monjardino et al, 2007 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Leroux

Goodyke

Schumacher

et al. 2014

American J of Botany

100

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• Premise of the study: Given the worldwide economic importance of maize endosperm, it is surprising that its development is not the most comprehensively studied of the cereals. We present detailed morphometric and cytological descriptions of endosperm development in the maize inbred line B73, for which the genome has been sequenced, and compare its growth with four diverse Nested Association Mapping (NAM) founder lines.• Methods: The fi rst 12 d of B73 endosperm development were described using semithin sections of plastic-embedded kernels and confocal microscopy. Longitudinal sections were used to compare endosperm length, thickness, and area.• Key results: Morphometric comparison between Arizona-and Michigan-grown B73 showed a common pattern. Early endosperm development was divided into four stages: coenocytic, cellularization through alveolation, cellularization through partitioning, and differentiation. We observed tightly synchronous nuclear divisions in the coenocyte, elucidated that the onset of cellularization was coincident with endosperm size, and identifi ed a previously undefi ned cell type (basal intermediate zone, BIZ). NAM founders with small mature kernels had larger endosperms (0-6 d after pollination) than lines with large mature kernels.• Conclusions: Our B73-specifi c model of early endosperm growth links developmental events to relative endosperm size, while accounting for diverse growing conditions. Maize endosperm cellularizes through alveolation, then random partitioning of the central vacuole. This unique cellularization feature of maize contrasts with the smaller endosperms of Arabidopsis , barley, and rice that strictly cellularize through repeated alveolation. NAM analysis revealed differences in endosperm size during early development, which potentially relates to differences in timing of cellularization across diverse lines of maize.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Previously, Randolph (1936) and Kowles and Phillips (1988) showed coenocytic nuclei in mitosis, but not in a uniform phase of mitosis, and Kranz et al (1998) showed synchronously dividing nuclei within the cellular endosperm of in vitro cultures. Our counts of 2 n (8, 16, 64, etc.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Leroux

Goodyke

Schumacher

et al. 2014

American J of Botany

100

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“…Rapid and highly synchronous cell divisions were observed during early development of our in vitro-produced endosperm, as was found in vivo in maize (Kowles and Phillips, 1988). In vivo, mitotic activity in maize endosperm reaches a peak between 8 and 10 DAP.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Endosperm development is of great interest and importance both in agriculture, for biotechnical improvement, and in developmental biology research (e.g., Kowles and Phillips, 1988;Olsen et al, 1992;Lopes and Larkins, 1993;Clore et al, 1996). It has been extensively studied morphologically, ultrastructurally, and histochemically; however, there is a lack of information on sperm-central cell fusion and on early molecular events after fertilization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endosperm Development after Fusion of Isolated, Single Maize Sperm and Central Cells in Vitro

et al. 1998

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We demonstrate here the possibility of endosperm development in vitro after the fusion of pairs of an isolated sperm and an isolated central cell of maize. The occurrence of karyogamy and the time course of the fusion of sperm and central cell nuclei are presented. The fusion of the sperm nucleus occurred either with one of the two polar nuclei or with the secondary nucleus and was completed within 2 hr after in vitro cell fusion. The in vitro study of early events after cell and nuclear fusion indicates that the resulting primary endosperm cell develops into a characteristic tissue capable of self-organization apart from the mother tissue. The technology presented here opens the way for new cellular and molecular studies, especially of early events after sperm and central cell fusion. These studies should lead to a better understanding of the processes of double fertilization and endosperm development.

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“…During maize endosperm development, there are three different types of cell cycles (Kowles and Phillips, 1988): (1) cytokinetic mitosis results in a syncytium; (2) mitosis occurs after cellularization and lasts in the central endosperm but continues in the aleurone and subaleurone layers, and cell division occurs and stops in a wave-like pattern from the basal region to the central region of the endosperm; and (3) endoreduplication, the reiterated rounds of DNA replication without chromatin condensation, sister chromatid segregation, or cytokinesis, results in endopolyploidy cells. Embryo and endosperm are both seed compartments exhibiting dramatic differences in multiple respects.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Differential Transcription Network between Embryo and Endosperm in the Early Developing Maize Seed

Chen

Shu

et al. 2013

Plant Physiology

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Transcriptome analysis of early-developing maize (Zea mays) seed was conducted using Illumina sequencing. We mapped 11,074,508 and 11,495,788 paired-end reads from endosperm and embryo, respectively, at 9 d after pollination to define gene structure and alternative splicing events as well as transcriptional regulators of gene expression to quantify transcript abundance in both embryo and endosperm. We identified a large number of novel transcribed regions that did not fall within maize annotated regions, and many of the novel transcribed regions were tissue-specifically expressed. We found that 50.7% (8,556 of 16,878) of multiexonic genes were alternatively spliced, and some transcript isoforms were specifically expressed either in endosperm or in embryo. In addition, a total of 46 trans-splicing events, with nine intrachromosomal events and 37 interchromosomal events, were found in our data set. Many metabolic activities were specifically assigned to endosperm and embryo, such as starch biosynthesis in endosperm and lipid biosynthesis in embryo. Finally, a number of transcription factors and imprinting genes were found to be specifically expressed in embryo or endosperm. This data set will aid in understanding how embryo/endosperm development in maize is differentially regulated.Maize (Zea mays) seeds are one of the most important crop materials that provide resources for food, feed, biofuel, and raw material for processing. Maize seed development initiates from double fertilization, in which two of the pollen sperms fuse with an egg cell and a central cell to produce embryo and endosperm, respectively (Randolph, 1936;Chaudhury et al., 2001). The main function of endosperm is to provide nutrient for the developing embryo and germinating embryo.After fertilization, the zygote undergoes an asymmetric division into a small apical cell and a large basal cell, giving rise to the embryo proper and the suspensor, respectively. The radial symmetry of the proembryo is shifted to a bilateral symmetry at the transition stage, which is characterized by protoderm formation. The shoot apical meristem and the root apical meristem can be distinguished at the onset of the coleoptile stage, and then the position of the future coleoptile is marked by a small protuberance. The mature embryo is composed of the embryo axis, which is formed by the plumule with five or six short internodes, and leaf primordia and primary root surrounded by the coleoptile and the coleorhiza, respectively, and the scutellum (Randolph, 1936;Abbe and Stein, 1954;Diboll, 1968;Lammeren, 1986;Vernoud et al., 2005).Maize endosperm follows the nucleus-type endosperm development, where the fertilized central cell undergoes several rounds of synchronous division in the absence of cell wall formation and cytokinesis to produce a syncytium (Lopes and Larkins, 1993;Olsen, 2004). Cellularization allows the formation of the internuclear radial microtubule systems and open-ended alveolation from the periphery of the endosperm toward the central vacuole (Olsen et al., ...

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Endosperm Development in Maize

Cited by 110 publications

References 72 publications

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Endosperm Development after Fusion of Isolated, Single Maize Sperm and Central Cells in Vitro

The Differential Transcription Network between Embryo and Endosperm in the Early Developing Maize Seed

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