Endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: Role in diagnosis, management, and treatment

Abstract

Endoscopy plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and esophagogastroduodenoscopy have long been used in the care of patients with IBD. As endoscopic technologies have progressed, tools such as endoscopic ultrasound, capsule endoscopy, and balloon-assisted enteroscopy have expanded the role of endoscopy in IBD. Furthermore, chromoendoscopy has enhanced our ability to detect dysplasia in IBD. In this review article, we will focus on the roles, indications, and limitations of these tools in IBD. We will also discuss the most commonly used endoscopic scoring systems, as well as special considerations in post-surgical patients. Lastly, we will discuss the role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of fistulae and strictures.

Case Report on Ulcerative Colitis in 16 year girl

“…However, most people with ulcerative colitis don't have this family history [10].Complications likes:thickening of the intestinal wall,sepsis(blood infection),severe dehydration,toxic megacolon, or a rapidly swelling colon,liver disease (rare),intestinal bleeding( [11]. Risk factors: Age:It's most likely if you're between 15 and 30 years old or older than 60,Ethnicity: The risk is highest in people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.Family history:Your risk could be up to 30% higher if you have a close relative with the condition.Food and stress don't cause it, but they can trigger a flare of symptoms.Then coming to diagnosis [12]. How is ulcerative colitis diagnosed?A health care provider diagnoses UC with the following:medical and family history,physical exam,lab tests,endoscopies of the large intestineThe health care provider may perform a series of medical tests to rule out other bowel disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, or celiac disease, that may cause symptoms similar to those of UC [13].Treatment includes the Medications.…”

Fecal MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Screening and Diagnosis of Intestinal Diseases

“…Approaches for the screening of IBD and CRC have been performed on feces like colonoscopies, flexible sigmoidoscopy, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), and the fecal immunochemical test (FIT). While colonoscopies and sigmoidoscopy are highly reliable screening tools for detecting IBD and CRC ( Kato et al, 2016 ; Spiceland and Lodhia, 2018 ), they are invasive and costly, and thus impeding screening compliance. FOBT, which commonly detects blood in stool, is non-invasive and a better approach to screen IBD and CRC ( Simadibrata, 2010 ); however, FIT, which measures the concentration of hemoglobin in feces by using an antibody that targets human hemoglobin, is recommended over FOBT as a non-invasive approach.…”

IBD considerations in spondyloarthritis

“…Upper GI tract involvement can occur in 16% of patients with CD but routine gastroscopy is not recommended in adult patients in the absence of symptoms suggestive of proximal disease, due to the extremely low prevalence of isolated upper GI tract disease. 24,25 Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) involves the patient swallowing (or receiving an endoscopically placed) wireless camera which transmits images to a receiver unit that the patient carries for several hours. Provided there are no significant structural abnormalities such as a stricture, the camera is passed into the stool and is not recovered.…”

“…Upper GI tract involvement can occur in 16% of patients with CD but routine gastroscopy is not recommended in adult patients in the absence of symptoms suggestive of proximal disease, due to the extremely low prevalence of isolated upper GI tract disease. 24 , 25 …”