Endoscopic placement of ureteral stents for treatment of congenital bilateral ureteral stenosis in a dog

Abstract

Ureteral stenosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for hydronephrosis in dogs, particularly when urinary tract calculi or neoplasia is not present. Chronic hematuria and recurrent urinary tract infections can be associated with this condition. Placement of ureteral stents may be a successful treatment option for ameliorization of congenital ureteral obstructions.

End-to-end ureteral anastomosis and double-pigtail ureteral stent placement for treatment of iatrogenic ureteral trauma in two dogs

“…28,40 In cats and dogs, ureteral stents are often left in place for longer periods than in humans, with reportedly few deleterious consequences. 1,7,[32][33][34][35][36] Ureteral obstruction reportedly increases the risk of renal pelvis infection in human and veterinary patients. 12,41,42 Bacteria responsible for such infections can originate from the lower urinary tract or bloodstream.…”

“…However, minimally invasive techniques can also be used, such as cystoscopic or percutaneous radiologic approaches when patient size permits. 1,3,7,[31][32][33][34] Use of ureteral stents is becoming more common in the treatment of obstructive ureteral disease in cats and dogs. [35][36][37] However, to the author' s knowledge, the present report is the first description of successful double-pigtail ureteral stent placement in combination with ureteral anastomosis in dogs.…”

“…[2][3][4] Other less common causes of ureteral obstruction include trauma, inflammation, fibrosis, congenital stenosis, acquired stricture, and foreign body. [5][6][7] Improper placement of ligatures during ovariohysterectomy is a rare but reported cause of ureteral obstruction in dogs. 4,[8][9][10][11] Specifically, use of a spay hook and small laparotomy incision to locate the uterine horns during ovariectomy, combined with the mobile nature of ureters in dogs, may result in inadvertent incorporation of the ureter within ligatures placed around the ovarian vessels.…”

Double pigtail ureteral stenting and renal pelvic lavage for renal-sparing treatment of obstructive pyonephrosis in dogs: 13 cases (2008–2012)

“…Success rates for these techniques range between 84% and 100%, and the rate of recovery following either procedure is > 95%. For both humans [7][8][9][10][11] and veterinary [13][14][15] patients, these complications include stent migration, 7-10,13 encrustation, 7,10,13 ureteral tissue reaction, 13,15 hematuria, 10 recurrent urinary tract infection, 10,13 ureterovesicular reflux, 10,13 and dysuria. Given that nephrostomy tubes do not establish patency of the ureter, a second procedure to address the obstruction is typically required after stabilization.…”

“…[7][8][9][10] Complications of nephrostomy tubes in human [7][8][9][10][11] and veterinary 12,13 patients include SMALL ANIMALS hemorrhage, infection, tube displacement, urine leakage, and inadvertent puncture of other organs. 7,12,13,15 In human patients, the decision of which technique to use is based on clinician preference, patient stability, anatomy, coagulation status, underlying cause of obstruction, expertise of the treatment team, and available equipment. 10,13 Complications specific to ureteral stenting reported in human and veterinary medicine are typically minor and long term.…”