Endoscopic findings in children with obstructive sleep apnea: Effects of age and hypotonia

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a common disorder among children and is often associated with significant morbidity. The causes of OSA are related to either fixed upper airway abnormalities such as adenotonsillar hypertrophy, or dynamic airway abnormalities such as laryngomalacia and pharyngeal wall collapse. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of dynamic upper airway abnormalities, based on endoscopic findings, in normotonic and hypotonic children with polysomnographically documented OSA. The records of 39 consecutive children with OSA who underwent bronchoscopy (22 with normal tone, and 17 with hypotonia) were reviewed. The prevalence of dynamic defects among children with normal tone decreased with age. All 7 patients less than 1 year old had dynamic abnormalities (isolated or combined fixed/dynamic), compared to only 66% (6/9) of patients between 1-2 years old, and 17% (1/6) of children more than 2 years old. In contrast, dynamic abnormalities were very common among hypotonic children, independent of age. Since children with dynamic defects are less likely to respond to surgical treatments, it would be appropriate to identify these children prior to any intervention. Due to the higher frequency of dynamic defects in both infants (< 1 year) and hypotonic children, it may be appropriate to include endoscopy as part of the diagnostic evaluation of OSA in these subgroups.

Psychomotor Development in Infants with Prader-Willi Syndrome and Associations with Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders

“…In children, enlargement of adenoid or tonsils, in association with increased upper airway collapsibility, is by far the most common cause of OSAS (18). In addition, obesity may cause obstructive sleep-related breathing disorders, as has also been found in adults (19).…”

Trends in Inpatient Pediatric Polysomnography for Laryngomalacia and Craniofacial Anomalies

“…In addition, 88.2% of these infants presented without stridor. 17 The authors argued that the high Includes nervous system conditions and anomalies and cerebral palsy. b Includes peri-, endo-, and myocarditis and cardiomyopathy; hypertension; acute myocardial infarction; coronary artery disease/other heart diseases; pulmonary heart disease; conduction disease and dysrhythmia; and congestive heart failure.…”

Laryngotracheal Reconstruction Outcomes in Hypotonic Children

“…A 2005 study of children with obstructive sleep apnea demonstrated that dynamic airway collapse in infants without neurologic deficits decreased progressively as those children aged. 1 However, dynamic airway obstruction in hypotonic children did not improve with time. By the age of 2 years, 83% of hypotonic children demonstrated a dynamic obstruction compared with only 17% of normotonic patients.…”