Brain tumours represent a major focus of research in chemotherapy, radiotherapy and neurosurgery. The principle that guides all of these disciplines is: be effective on the tumour with fewer effects on normal brain tissue. In surgical sciences this concept has become known as 'minimally invasive surgery'. The development of endoscopic techniques has had a revolutionary impact in several disciplines such as urological, gastrointestinal and thoracic surgery. In neurosurgery, the use of the endoscope was initially limited to the treatment of hydrocephalus. Only during the last few decades have the indications for endoscopy -which has been driven by global technological progress, leading to the development of image-guided surgery, intra-operative-imagingdedicated surgical instruments and increasingly efficient endoscopesbeen extended to other pathologies such as aneurysms and tumours.
Historical BackgroundUntil the 1960s, neurosurgical procedures for brain tumours were
The Endoscopic TechniqueThe endoscope has become part of the equipment in all neurosurgical operating theatres and the surgeon can rely on low-profile endoscopes with straight or variably angled views, xenon light source, irrigation sheaths for cleaning the lenses inside the operating field and endoscope holders to perform bimanual dissection, as in microsurgery. Nevertheless, the endoscope is far from being commonly applied as a visualising tool during microsurgical procedures: the endoscope-assisted technique is devoted to surgery for aneurysms and cerebellopontine tumours. The reasons for this lie in the marked differences between the two imaging modalities. Despite the fact that several systems integration strategies have been applied, 3