Endorsement and strength of alcohol expectancies.

High- and low-dose alcohol-related expectancies and the differential associations with drinking in male and female adolescents and young adults

“…Fromm e, Stroot & Kaplan, 1993;Leigh & Stacy, 1993;C hen et al, 1994; M cM ahon, Jones & O' Donnell, 1994). In addition, it has been shown that expectancies vary with the dose of alcohol concerned (Southwick et al, 1981;Connors et al, 1987;Collins et al, 1990;Earleywine & M artin, 1993). W ith respect to dose and valence, four types of expectancies can be distinguished: positive expectancies for a low dose, positive expectancies for a high dose, negative expectancies for a low dose, and negative expectancies for a high dose.…”

“…Even though it has been recognized in the literature that expectancies vary with dose of alcohol (Southwick et al, 1981;C onnors et al, 1987;Collins et al, 1990;Earleywine & Martin, 1993), the assessm ent of dose-related expectancies has received relatively little attention. One reason could be that the AES (Southwick et al, 1981), an early scale which assessed dose-related expectancies, predicted current alcohol consumption less accurately than two questionnaires which did not assess high and low dose effects independently (Leigh, 1989b).…”

A beverage-specific measure of expectancies for malt liquor: Development and initial testing.

“…Since ML is a high volume, high alcohol-content beverage, drinking ML inherently involves consumption of a “large dose” of alcohol. Past research indicates that large doses of alcohol are more strongly associated with negative, than positive, beliefs about the effects of alcohol (e.g., Collins et al, 1990; Southwick et al, 1981). Thus, findings from the present study are fairly consistent with research on dose-related expectancies.…”

“…Expectancies vary with a number of individual and contextual variables, including the type of alcoholic beverage (Collins, Lapp, Emmons, & Isaac, 1990; Devoulyte, Stewart, & Theakston, 2006; Guarna & Rosenberg, 2000; Lang, Kass, & Barnes, 1983; Pedersen, Neighbors, & Larimer, 2010). For example, Guarna and Rosenberg (2000) randomly assigned DUI offenders to complete a separate copy of the same expectancy measure for each of five different alcoholic beverages.…”

“…Dose of alcohol also may be related to alcohol expectancies (Collins et al, 1990; Connors, Maisto, & Watson, 1988; Fromme, Stroot, & Kaplan, 1993; George & McAfee, 1987; Southwick, Steele, Marlatt, & Lindell, 1981). Typically, results indicate that a large dose is seen as producing more behavioral impairment and less positive effects relative to a moderate dose of alcohol.…”