Endoplasmic Reticulum Targeting Reactive Oxygen Species Sensor Based on Dihydrofluorescein: Application of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Abstract

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has a unique redox environment, which plays critical roles in the organelle's function and in its pathological responses such as ER stress. In this work, we introduce an ER-targeting fluorogenic reactive oxygen species (ROS) chemosensor (ER-Flu) from copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition of 3-propargyl ester of 2 0 ,7 0-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and N 3-glibenclamide, which were adopted as a fluorogenic ROS sensing module and an ER-targeting module, respectively. Thereby, a series of confocal microscopic experiments of ER-Flu demonstrated that the sensor localizes in ER of the live cells and that ROS are elevated in the cells by ER stress inducers such as thapsigargin, brefeldin A, and tunicamycin.

Recent Developments in PET and SPECT Radiotracers as Radiopharmaceuticals for Hypoxia Tumors

“…Molecular imaging is defined as the visualization, characterization, and quantification of biological processes in intact living subjects using specific imaging probes [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. Nowadays, molecular imaging technologies provide insights into biological events, pathology, and the mechanisms of diseases; thus, they play an important role in various fields of neuroscience, cardiology, gene therapy, oncology, and so on [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 ]. To visualize biological events in a non-invasive way, a variety of molecular imaging methods have been developed.…”

Facile Strategy to Output Fluorescein from Nucleic Acid Interactions

“…Fluorescein is a well-known fluorophore with diverse functionalities. It mostly acts as a fluorophore for fluorescent sensing, − photocatalyst (or artificial enzyme) for chemical transformation, or antigen for immunoassays . Thus, fluorescein serves as a versatile output molecule that can be utilized independently or coupled with subsequent operations to yield diverse outcomes, such as chemical reagents or biomolecular interactions.…”