Endophytic Streptomyces enissocaesilis As a Nematicidal and Biostimulant Agent

Abstract

INTRODUCTIONMeloidogyne incognita, one of the most common species of root-knot root nematodes which capable of infecting approximately 3,000 plant species worldwide and resulting in approximately 5% of global crop loss (Lu et al., 2022). The root-knot galls produced by M. incognita larvae cause the plant to lose nutrients through gall-like swellings known as root-knot galls. If the plants are young, the infection causes them to suffer and possibly die, but if they are mature, it causes a decrease in yield and increases their susceptibility to water and nutrient stress (El-Ashry et al., 2022). Their widespread distribution, a vast variety of potential hosts, and connection to fungus, bacteria, and viruses provide a pressing problem (Wagh et al., 2022). Because the disease's above-ground symptoms and indicators, such as incipient wilt, stunting, and low yields, are like those of nutrient insufficiency, many producers are really unaware of root-knot nematodes (Loan et al., 2018).Numerous nematicides and soil fumigants have been used extensively in the past several decades to manage the root-knot nematode disease, but these extremely toxic pesticides have had major negative effects on the environment, human health, and the development of nematode multi-drug resistance (Rajasekharan et al., 2020).