“…Indian sandalwood has been in use for over 2500 years, and its commercial usag dates back to 300 BCE [2,6]. It has been previously reported for its antioxidant, anti-tyro sinase, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-microbial properties [10][11][12]23,24 Despite reports of the pharmacological activity of sandalwood, only a few studies hav evaluated its benefits as a cosmetic ingredient.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Indian sandalwood has been in use for over 2500 years, and its commercial usage dates back to 300 BCE [2,6]. It has been previously reported for its antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-microbial properties [10][11][12]23,24].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The oil is renowned for its olfactory characteristics, having a soft, warm, and woody odor. As a result of this odor, the oil has found its way into many applications such as perfumery, attars, and incense [2].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cleopatra, whose reputation continues to precede her in modern times, purportedly used sandalwood for its cosmetic benefits. Detailed treatises on cosmetic formulae containing sandalwood were written in the Gupta period of India and the Tang Dynasty of China [2,6].…”
Distilled from the heartwood of Santalum album, Indian sandalwood oil is an essential oil that historically has been used as a natural active ingredient in cosmetics to condition and brighten the skin. It has been documented to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative activities. Here, we investigated the protective and anti-aging effects of Indian sandalwood oil in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HaCaT cells and in human skin explants after exposure to oxidative stress. Using a probe DCFH-DA, the antioxidant capacity of Indian sandalwood oil was monitored following exposure to blue light at 412 nm and 450 nm or cigarette smoke. The anti-aging effect of sandalwood oil was also explored in human skin explants via the assessment of collagenase level (MMP-1). We reported that Indian sandalwood oil possessed antioxidant potential that can scavenge the ROS generated by a free radical generating compound (AAPH). Subsequent exposure to environmental stressors revealed that Indian sandalwood oil possessed superior antioxidant activity in comparison to vitamin E (alpha tocopherol). Using human skin explants, this study demonstrated that Indian sandalwood oil can also inhibit the pollutant-induced level of MMP-1. The findings indicated that Indian sandalwood oil can potentially serve as a protective and anti-aging active ingredient in cosmetics and dermatology against environmental stressors.
“…Indian sandalwood has been in use for over 2500 years, and its commercial usag dates back to 300 BCE [2,6]. It has been previously reported for its antioxidant, anti-tyro sinase, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-microbial properties [10][11][12]23,24 Despite reports of the pharmacological activity of sandalwood, only a few studies hav evaluated its benefits as a cosmetic ingredient.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Indian sandalwood has been in use for over 2500 years, and its commercial usage dates back to 300 BCE [2,6]. It has been previously reported for its antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-microbial properties [10][11][12]23,24].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The oil is renowned for its olfactory characteristics, having a soft, warm, and woody odor. As a result of this odor, the oil has found its way into many applications such as perfumery, attars, and incense [2].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cleopatra, whose reputation continues to precede her in modern times, purportedly used sandalwood for its cosmetic benefits. Detailed treatises on cosmetic formulae containing sandalwood were written in the Gupta period of India and the Tang Dynasty of China [2,6].…”
Distilled from the heartwood of Santalum album, Indian sandalwood oil is an essential oil that historically has been used as a natural active ingredient in cosmetics to condition and brighten the skin. It has been documented to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative activities. Here, we investigated the protective and anti-aging effects of Indian sandalwood oil in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HaCaT cells and in human skin explants after exposure to oxidative stress. Using a probe DCFH-DA, the antioxidant capacity of Indian sandalwood oil was monitored following exposure to blue light at 412 nm and 450 nm or cigarette smoke. The anti-aging effect of sandalwood oil was also explored in human skin explants via the assessment of collagenase level (MMP-1). We reported that Indian sandalwood oil possessed antioxidant potential that can scavenge the ROS generated by a free radical generating compound (AAPH). Subsequent exposure to environmental stressors revealed that Indian sandalwood oil possessed superior antioxidant activity in comparison to vitamin E (alpha tocopherol). Using human skin explants, this study demonstrated that Indian sandalwood oil can also inhibit the pollutant-induced level of MMP-1. The findings indicated that Indian sandalwood oil can potentially serve as a protective and anti-aging active ingredient in cosmetics and dermatology against environmental stressors.
“…Salt-affected lands in India encompass an area of approximately 6.74 million hectares (m ha) and pose a significant challenge to the nation's capacity to enhance food production to meet the growing demand. Moreover, the latest Plants 2024, 13, 1162 2 of 20 scientific predictions indicate that ~16.2 m ha of land will be salt-affected in the next three decades due to faulty agricultural management practices and climate change [4]. Due to salt-affected soils, India loses 16.84 million tons of agricultural production of a value of ~2.9 billion USD annually [5].…”
Salinity is one of the most significant abiotic stress that affects the growth and development of high-value tree species, including sandalwood, which can also be managed effectively on saline soils with the help of suitable host species. Therefore, the current investigation was conducted to understand the physiological processes and antioxidant mechanisms in sandalwood along the different salinity gradients to explore the host species that could support sandalwood growth in salt-affected agro-ecosystems. Sandalwood seedlings were grown with ten diverse host species with saline water irrigation gradients (ECiw~3, 6, and 9 dS m−1) and control (ECiw~0.82 dS m−1). Experimental findings indicate a decline in the chlorophyll content (13–33%), relative water content (3–23%), photosynthetic (27–61%) and transpiration rate (23–66%), water and osmotic potential (up to 137%), and ion dynamics (up to 61%) with increasing salinity levels. Conversely, the carotenoid content (23–43%), antioxidant activity (up to 285%), and membrane injury (82–205%) were enhanced with increasing salinity stress. Specifically, among the hosts, Dalbergia sissoo and Melia dubia showed a minimum reduction in chlorophyll content, relative water content, and plant water relation and gas exchange parameters of sandalwood plants. Surprisingly, most of the host tree species maintained K+/Na+ of sandalwood up to moderate water salinity of ECiw~6 dS m−1; however, a further increase in water salinity decreased the K+/Na+ ratio of sandalwood by many-fold. Salinity stress also enhanced the antioxidative enzyme activity, although the maximum increase was noted with host plants M. dubia, followed by D. sissoo and Azadirachta indica. Overall, the investigation concluded that sandalwood with the host D. sissoo can be successfully grown in nurseries using saline irrigation water and, with the host M. dubia, it can be grown using good quality irrigation water.
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