Endophyte Mycotoxins in Animal Health

Duringer, Jennifer M.; Murty, Lia D.; Craig, A. Morrie

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4066-6_3

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…A method for the extraction of ergot alkaloids from plant material was developed on the basis of previous studies for subsequent analysis by HPLC-fluorescence. ,,, As “neat” standard is expensive and difficult to synthesize, ground seed or straw is mixed in large batches at four target concentrations to generate reference material for use in a calibration curve, which is validated using >98% pure ergovaline, 1 , provided by Forrest Smith, Auburn University. Seed and straw samples are ground in a Cyclotec 1093 sample mill and passed through a 0.5 mm screen.…”

Section: Extraction and Detection Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To ensure that the shipments are below threshold levels, allotments of straw are tested and a certificate is issued stating alkaloid concentration(s) to guarantee “safe feed”. Analysis is by HPLC-fluorescence, which can distinguish between the neurotoxic and the vasoconstrictive alkaloids. ,,− If the levels are above the threshold of toxicity, the straw is diluted with endophyte-free straw until it is safe to feed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of the Oregon State University Endophyte Service Laboratory in Diagnosing Clinical Cases of Endophyte Toxicoses

Craig

Blythe

Duringer

2014

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The Oregon State University Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Sciences instituted the Endophyte Service Laboratory to aid in diagnosing toxicity problems associated with cool-season grasses in livestock. The endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophalum) present in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) produces ergopeptine alkaloids, of which ergovaline is the molecule used to determine exposure and toxicity thresholds for the vasoconstrictive conditions "fescue foot" and "summer slump". Another vasoconstrictive syndrome, "ergotism," is caused by a parasitic fungus, Claviceps purpurea, and its primary toxin, ergotamine. "Ryegrass staggers" is a neurological condition that affects livestock consuming endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii)-infected perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) with high levels of lolitrem B. HPLC-fluorescent analytical methods for these mycotoxins are described and were used to determine threshold levels of toxicity for ergovaline and lolitrem B in cattle, sheep, horses, and camels. In addition, six clinical cases in cattle are presented to illustrate diagnosis of these three diseases.

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Section: Extraction and Detection Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Oregon State University Endophyte Service Laboratory in Diagnosing Clinical Cases of Endophyte Toxicoses

Craig

Blythe

Duringer

2014

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Severe vasoconstriction will cause the hooves to slough off and/or abortions. However, in cooler or freezing weather, the values for the vasoconstrictiveness of the different ergot alkaloids are not dissimilar from what is found in endophyte-infected tall fescue with the predominant ergot alkaloid ergovaline (Duringer et al, 2012 ; Foote et al, 2012 ). This observation should be documented in future scientific studies.…”

Section: Correlation Of Ergot Toxins With Clinical Diseasementioning

confidence: 91%

“…A method for extraction of ergot alkaloids from plant material was developed based on previous studies, for subsequent analysis by HPLC-fluorescence (Rottinghaus et al, 1991 ; Hill et al, 1993 ; Craig et al, 1994 ; Duringer et al, 2012 ). A standard mixture comprised of ergonovine, ergosine, ergotamine, ergocornine, α-ergocryptine, and ergocristine was purchased from Romer Labs, Inc. (Union, MO, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, modern grain cleaning techniques have eliminated ergotism as a human disease, but it remains a significant and devastating disease in the veterinary field primarily affecting sheep, cattle, pigs, and chickens. Clinical signs of ergotism in animals include gangrenous extremities, abortion, convulsions, agalactia, and ataxia (Lorenz and Hoseney, 1979 ; Richard, 2007 ; Duringer et al, 2012 ). Agalactia and the loss of ears, tails, and hooves are common sequelae seen in animals due to vasoconstriction: ergot alkaloids affect the supply of blood to the extremities of the body in addition to acting directly on the central nervous system via the pituitary where they activate the D2 dopamine receptors (Oliver, 2005 ; Richard, 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cases of ergotism in livestock and associated ergot alkaloid concentrations in feed

2015

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Ergot-induced disease in humans was known long before Biblical times and has been the root cause for countless human epidemics spanning from the early fourteenth century to the late sixteenth century. In contrast, many of these same ergot alkaloids have been utilized for their medicinal properties to mitigate migraine headaches and have had indications as anti-carcinogens. Although ergot alkaloids have been used for centuries by humans, basic pharmacokinetic data has not been documented for clinical disease in livestock. Consequently, a threshold dose and accurate dose-response data have yet to be established. Throughout the past several years, new detection techniques have emerged to detect these alkaloids at the parts per billion (ppb) level which has allowed for new efforts to be made with respect to determining threshold levels and making accurate clinical diagnoses in affected animals. This perspectives article provides a critical initial step for establishing a uniform interpretation of ergot toxicosis from limited existing data.

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Molecular and Alkaloid Characterization of Claviceps purpurea Sensu Lato From Grass Seed Production Areas of the U.S. Pacific Northwest

et al. 2021

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Ergot, caused by Claviceps purpurea sensu lato, is an economically important seed replacement disease of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) seed crops. Claviceps purpurea sensu stricto is considered the primary Claviceps species responsible, but genetic diversity and cryptic species within C. purpurea sensu lato have previously been reported. Fifty-six C. purpurea sensu lato isolates collected from P. pratensis (n=21) and L. perenne (n=35) in Oregon and Washington between 2010 and 2014 were characterized using RAPD, partial ITS, β-tubulin and elongation factor-1α sequences, conidial size, and ergot alkaloid chemotype. Based on RAPD analysis, 7 isolates from P. pratensis and 33 isolates from L. perenne collected in Oregon corresponded to C. purpurea sensu stricto, while 13 isolates collected from P. pratensis in Washington and Oregon were identified as C. humidiphila. Partial ITS, β-tubulin, and elongation factor-1α sequences identified 10 isolates from P. pratensis as C. humidiphila, while seven isolates from P. pratensis and 33 isolates from L. perenne were identified as C. purpurea sensu stricto. Several isolates generated ambiguous RAPD bands and/or sequences that prevented identification. Ergot alkaloid chemotype profiling found that ergocornine and its epimer were predominant in sclerotia from P. pratensis, whereas ergotamine and its epimer were found in highest abundance in sclerotia from L. perenne. This study confirms the presence of the C. purpurea sensu lato species complex in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and suggests that more research is needed to characterize and mitigate Claviceps spp. infection of grass seed crops in North America.

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Endophyte Mycotoxins in Animal Health

Cited by 3 publications

References 50 publications

The Role of the Oregon State University Endophyte Service Laboratory in Diagnosing Clinical Cases of Endophyte Toxicoses

The Role of the Oregon State University Endophyte Service Laboratory in Diagnosing Clinical Cases of Endophyte Toxicoses

Cases of ergotism in livestock and associated ergot alkaloid concentrations in feed

Molecular and Alkaloid Characterization of Claviceps purpurea Sensu Lato From Grass Seed Production Areas of the U.S. Pacific Northwest

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