Endophyte-Host Associations in Forage Grasses. IV. The Endophyte of Festuca versuta

White, James F.; Cole, Garry T.

doi:10.2307/3793384

Cited by 38 publications

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“…White & Cole (113,114) and M. R. Siegel & G. C. M. Latch (unpublished data) have demonstrated that isolates of A. lolii, A. coenophialum, unidentified Acremonium sp., Phialophora-like sp., and E. typhina from various grass spp. produced antibiosis against a range of fungal plant pathogens and saprophytic fungi in culture.…”

Section: Tolerance To Grazing Herbivoresmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…It is clear that Europe is the origin of these infected cultivated grasses. However, the determination that endophytes not only exist in native Festuca and Lotium species (112,114,116), but in large numbers of species in the Poaceae (111 , 115, 117) as well, raises important questions concerning the recent origins of these en dophytes and also the evolutionary relationships between grasses and en dophytes. Because of the wide geographic distribution of cultivated and native grasses infected with endophytes, White (111) has suggested that the vegetative phases of these fungi are, or have evolved from, species of the ascomycetous genus Epichloe.…”

Section: Speculations On the Origins Of Grass Endophytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recipro cal translocation of carbohydrates between host and pathogen has been re ported in Bahia grass infected with Myriogenospora atramentosa (99). The nutritional requirements of the fungi in the plant are unknown.In vitro rates of growth, pH and temperature optima, utilization of carbon and nitrogen sources, and synthesis of specific fungal products are known for some endophytes(3, 9, 20,53,59,114). This information cannot be ex trapolated to the in vivo situation, but can be used to compare nutritional, physiological, biochemical, and genetic potential of isolates (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fungal Endophytes of Grasses

Siegel¹,

Latch²,

Johnson³

1987

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

255

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INTRODUCTIONThe tenn endophyte (Greek: endo == within + phyte = plant) has been defined as an organism contained or growing (entirely) within the substrate plant, whether parasitically or not (100, 106). Using this tenn in its broadest sense, the subject of this chapter could include all fungi that spend all or nearly all of their life cycles in the host grasses. We do not discuss such endophytic fungi as the smuts and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas that infect grass. Instead, our interests lie primarily with a specific group of c1avicipitaceous fungi that belong or are related to fungi in the tribe Balansiae (5, 24). These fungi either are true endophytes that never produce external fructifications on the plant or else may produce external mycelium andlor spores that affect flower and seed production. We focus specifically on those grass-endophyte complexes that may also cause maladies of grazing animals.Using the above criteria, two recent events involving grass-endophyte associations have important implications for the livestock industry. In 1977 Bacon et al (9) reported the close association of an endophyte (Sphacelia typhina) in infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and the incidence of 293 0066-4286/87/090 1-0293$02.00Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1987.25:293-315. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY on 10/24/12. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 294 SIEGEL, LATCH & JOHNSON fescue toxicosis (summer syndrome) in cattle. A similar association between a then unidentified endophyte in perennial ryegrass (Latium perenne) and the incidence of ryegrass staggers in sheep in New Zealand was reported in 1981 by Fletcher & Harvey (27). Since the initial work of Bacon et al (9) in 1977, researchers have come to further understand the relationship between fungal endophytes of grasses and animal toxicoses. This understanding includes the origin and incidence of infected grasses, modes of dissemination of the fungi, identification of the chemicals responsible for toxicoses, and control of the fungi. Specifically, what has been learned is that endophyte-infected tall fescue and perennial ryegrass are widely distributed in the United States and New Zealand, respec tively; endophytic fungi are only seed disseminated; specific chemicals are responsible for fescue toxicosis and ryegrass staggers; infected pasture grasses cost the livestock producer hundreds of millions of US dollars annually in lost production; the fungi cannot be controlled in the field, but endophyte-free cultivars do result in greatly improved livestock production in the United States; and lastly, the relationship between grass and symbiont is primarily mutualistic. resulting in many benefits to host and fungus (5, 10, 97). With regard to this final point, it is now recognized that these grass endophytes can play an important role in survival of the host plants subjected to environmen tal stresses (insects, grazing animals, drought, and heat). The potential for improved insect resist...

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Section: Tolerance To Grazing Herbivoresmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Speculations On the Origins Of Grass Endophytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fungal Endophytes of Grasses

Siegel¹,

Latch²,

Johnson³

1987

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

255

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“…In contrast, endophytic mycelium of Epichloe typhina and numerous Acremonium endophytes in other hosts proliferate within inflorescence primordia and infect ovules and embryos when they are differentiated in carpels. One consequence of growth of mycelium in inflorescence primordia is that ground tissues within culms often contain longitudinally oriented hyphal strands in intercellular spaces (3,18,19). The absence of any mycelium in culms or seeds of plants gives further indications that inflorescence primordia are not colonized by B. epichloe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stromal Development and Mating System of Balansia epichloë , a Leaf-Colonizing Endophyte of Warm-Season Grasses

White

Owens

1992

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Studies of the stromal development and mating system of Balansia epichloe were conducted. Early development of the stroma consists of both endophytic and epiphytic phases of growth. As development progresses, the epiphytic stromal subiculum on the upper surface of leaves is linked with endophytic mycelium within leaves by hyphal bridges, which may provide carbohydrates for stromal development. Sugar utilization studies suggest that Balansia epichloe is excluded from growth within inflorescence primordia of grasses by the presence of high levels of sugars that are inhibitory to growth of the endophyte. Studies of the mating system of B. epichloe were conducted, and the fungus was shown to be heterothallic, with ephelidial conidia functioning as spermatia. Insect vectoring of ephelidial spermatia is suggested to account for the irregular pattern of perithecial development on stromata.

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“…Fusarium culmorum occurs widely as a phytopathogenic fungus all over the world [1]. It is a parasite of many cereals, vegetables and fruits [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of growth and hydrolytic enzymes production by Fusarium culmorum using response surface method

Rucka

Lamer-Zarawska

Maliszewska

et al. 1998

Bioprocess Engineering

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Production of hydrolytic enzymes by a phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium culmorum was investigated. The proteolytic activity was observed when the fungus was grown in the medium containing starch or soybean meal as a carbon source. The amylolytic and lipolytic activities were not found. Response surface modeling was applied to shake-¯ask culture of the fungus to determine the optimum concentration of carbon source and optimal culture time for growth and protease production. The results indicated that the maximum yield of protease production corresponded to the concentration of soybean meal of 1.4 g/ml and culture time of 4.5 days.The fungus growth depends on the concentration of carbon source in the medium whereas the enzyme production was also in¯uenced by the culture time and interaction between these two variables.

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Endophyte-Host Associations in Forage Grasses. IV. The Endophyte of Festuca versuta

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

Fungal Endophytes of Grasses

Fungal Endophytes of Grasses

Stromal Development and Mating System of Balansia epichloë , a Leaf-Colonizing Endophyte of Warm-Season Grasses

Optimization of growth and hydrolytic enzymes production by Fusarium culmorum using response surface method

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