Endophthalmitis After Intravitreal Injections: Incidence, Presentation, Management, and Visual Outcome

Effect of leaking capillaries and microaneurysms in the perifoveal capillary network on resolution of macular edema by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment

“…Since the visual outcomes obtained by intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF drugs have been superior to those using grid laser photocoagulation [29,30], anti-VEGF agents have largely supplanted conventional grid lasering as the first line of therapy for ME in BRVO [12,26,30,31]. The next goal in this new anti-VEGF era is to optimize BCVA improvement with the smallest possible number of injections; post-injection endophthalmitis may cause severe vision loss, albeit at an incidence of 1 in 3000-5000 intravitreal injections [32], and frequent injections for ME flare-ups might result in considerable socioeconomic burden. The current study indicates that early management of MA formation and vascular change in the PCN is important for optimal long-term management of ME secondary to BRVO.…”

2018 Update on Intravitreal Injections: Euretina Expert Consensus Recommendations

“…A large French series (316,576 injections), in which 96% of injections were performed in a dedicated injection room and 40% had additional filtration airflow, reported a rate of 0.021%; the rate was not significantly different from injections performed without filtration airflow [74]. Smaller (approx.…”

Update on ocular gene therapy and advances in treatment of inherited retinal diseases and exudative macular degeneration

“…9 Intravitreal injections are a safer, more cost effective, and often less technically challenging method of delivery of viral vector to the target cells. Intravitreal injection through the pars plana is an in-office procedure with a proven safety record, although endophthalmitis and retinal detachment are rare side effects of this technique [42,43]. The intravitreal delivery of many viral vectors, such as the lentivirus vector, has limited usefulness as it is more difficult for these viruses to traverse the complex retinal layers structures of the retina.…”