“…Furthermore, opioids can reduce proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules (Belkowski et al, 1995;Wilson et al, 1998;Walker et al, 2000;Philippe et al, 2003), edema and plasma extravasation (Jin et al, 1999;Khalil et al, 1999;Romero et al, 2005;Jiménez et al, 2006;Börzsei et al, 2008), and radiological and histological parameters (Binder et al, 2000(Binder et al, , 2001Walker, 2003). In human tissue sample, opioids have been shown to reduce proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinase, and synovial leukocyte counts (Raap et al, 2000;Takeba et al, 2001;Straub et al, 2008).…”