“…Aberrant expression of several cytokines by inflammatory cells, such as IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-33, TNFα and growth factors, e.g., transforming growth factor (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have been reported in EM [ 89 , 98 ]. Indeed, cytokines such as IL-8 and TNF-α are known to promote endometrial cell proliferation, endometrial adhesion, and angiogenesis.…”