Endogenous retroviruses and the human germline

Bock, Michael; Stoye, Jonathan P.

doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(00)00138-6

Cited by 112 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…These retroviruses can ultimately become fixed in the population and are known as endogenous retroviruses. It is estimated that endogenous retroviruses account for about 8% of the human genome (Bock and Stoye 2000;Griffiths 2001;Lander et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Packaging and reverse transcription of snRNAs by retroviruses may generate pseudogenes

Giles¹,

Caputi²,

Beemon³

2004

RNA

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Retroviruses specifically package two copies of their RNA genome in each viral particle, along with some small cellular RNAs, including tRNAs and 7S L RNA. We show here that Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) also packages U6 snRNA at approximately one copy per virion. In addition, trace amounts of U1 and U2 snRNAs were detected in purified virus by Northern blotting. U6 snRNA comigrated with the RSV 70S genomic RNA dimer on sucrose gradients. We observed reverse transcription of U6 snRNA in an endogenous reaction in which RSV particles were the source of both reverse transcriptase and RNA substrates. This finding led us to examine mammalian genomic sequences for the presence of snRNA pseudogenes. A survey of the human, mouse, and rat genomes revealed a high number of spliceosomal snRNA pseudogenes. U6 pseudogenes were the most abundant, with approximately 200 copies in each genome. In the human genome, 67% of U6 snRNA pseudogenes, and a significant number of the other snRNA pseudogenes, were associated with LINE, SINE, or retroviral LTR repeat sequences. We propose that the packaging of snRNAs in retroviral particles leads to their reverse transcription in an infected cell and the integration of snRNA/viral recombinants into the host genome.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Packaging and reverse transcription of snRNAs by retroviruses may generate pseudogenes

Giles¹,

Caputi²,

Beemon³

2004

RNA

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“…Durante el curso de la evolución los progenitores exógenos de los HERVs tuvieron que insertarse en las células de la línea germinal, convirtiéndose en endógenos (Lower et al, 1996). Aunque las infecciones de la línea germinal no deben ser un evento muy frecuente, ha debido haber varios sucesos de este tipo ya que existen diversas familias de HERVs poco relacionadas entre sí y cada una de ellas presenta secuencias homologas en otros grupos animales, sobre todo en Primates (Bock y Stoye, 2000;Weiss, 2000). Una vez integrados, los -ahora-HERVs han sufrido múl-tiples eventos de retrotransposición (amplificación y transposición), gracias a la presencia de las LTRs y del gen de la RT, de modo que se han ido generando miles de secuencias retrovirales, parciales o completas, que se encuentran dispersas por el genoma.…”

Section: El Genoma Humano Contiene Un Importante Número De Retrovirusunclassified

Retrovirus endógenos humanos: Significado biológico e implicaciones evolutivas

Sentís¹

2002

Arbor

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“…There are also examples of gene expression signals migrating to introns, and excised intron RNA molecules being used by the organism (Fedorova and Fedorov, 2003). These current roles for introns are such that for most eukaryotes a secondary evolutionary loss of introns is probably impossible -although this might still be viewed as a co-option of sequences that were parasitic in origin, for example as has occurred in the case of some endogenous retroviruses (Bock and Stoye, 2000).…”

Section: The Diversity Of Intronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rise and falls of introns

Belshaw

Bensasson

2006

Heredity

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There has been a lively debate over the evolution of eukaryote introns: at what point in the tree of life did they appear and from where, and what has been their subsequent pattern of loss and gain? A diverse range of recent research papers is relevant to this debate, and it is timely to bring them together. The absence of introns that are not self-splicing in prokaryotes and several other lines of evidence suggest an ancient eukaryotic origin for these introns, and the subsequent gain and loss of introns appears to be an ongoing process in many organisms. Some introns are now functionally important and there have been suggestions that invoke natural selection for the ancient and recent gain of introns, but it is also possible that fixation and loss of introns can occur in the absence of positive selection.

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Endogenous retroviruses and the human germline

Cited by 112 publications

References 52 publications

Packaging and reverse transcription of snRNAs by retroviruses may generate pseudogenes

Packaging and reverse transcription of snRNAs by retroviruses may generate pseudogenes

Retrovirus endógenos humanos: Significado biológico e implicaciones evolutivas

The rise and falls of introns

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