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Proliferating axillary shoots of the difficult-to-root apple cultivar `Jonathan' acquired an enhanced ability to form adventitious roots with increasing number of subcultures in vitro . The transition between the difficult-to-root and the easy-to-root condition occurred at the fourth subculture .Endogenous levels of free IAA and ABA in shoot tissues were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/single ion monitoring (GC/MS/SIM) using negative ion chemical ionisation . Tissues from the mother plants grown in the glasshouse contained more IAA and ABA than those from tissue-culture material . After establishment in vitro there was no variation in the IAA content throughout the subcultures but a decrease in ABA content was observed after the fourth transfer . The IAA/ABA ratio increased from 0 .2 in difficult-to-root shoots from the initial culture up to 0 .7 in easy-to-root shoots from the long-term subculture. 1 . IntroductionThe propagation of apples from cuttings is difficult because most apple cultivars and rootstocks do not readily form roots under conventional nursery conditions [23] . However, the rooting ability of apple cuttings can be improved by `conditioning' the mother plants using treatments such as heavy pruning and blanching [11], application of growth retardants [6,9] or exposure to low light intensity [7] . Success in the striking of cuttings is determined as much by the management of the stock plants prior to severance as by the conditions under which root formation occurred [18] . Most of the research done on root formation is concerned with cuttings after excision from the stock plants .Recent reviews on adventitious root formation [10,13] have drawn attention to the importance of the physiological state of the mother plants at time of collection of the cuttings . Investigations on the hormonal balance in stock and the results are conflicting . In Dahlia [3] and in Rhododendron [24] the capacity of cuttings to form adventitious roots is not correlated with the endogenous level of IAA in the mother plants . In stock plant of Bougainvillea, Hibiscus [5] and Vitis [2], however, enhanced root formation of cuttings is associated with high IAA content . Similarly very little is known about the occurrence of ABA in mother plants . In Rhododendron the rooting ability of cuttings is positively correlated with a high ABA content in stock plants [24] but high ABA levels are found to be inhibitory in Sequoia sempervirens [8] .Difficult-and easy-to-root microcuttings of the same apple cultivar can be produced in vitro by repeated subculture under specific conditions [19] .
Proliferating axillary shoots of the difficult-to-root apple cultivar `Jonathan' acquired an enhanced ability to form adventitious roots with increasing number of subcultures in vitro . The transition between the difficult-to-root and the easy-to-root condition occurred at the fourth subculture .Endogenous levels of free IAA and ABA in shoot tissues were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/single ion monitoring (GC/MS/SIM) using negative ion chemical ionisation . Tissues from the mother plants grown in the glasshouse contained more IAA and ABA than those from tissue-culture material . After establishment in vitro there was no variation in the IAA content throughout the subcultures but a decrease in ABA content was observed after the fourth transfer . The IAA/ABA ratio increased from 0 .2 in difficult-to-root shoots from the initial culture up to 0 .7 in easy-to-root shoots from the long-term subculture. 1 . IntroductionThe propagation of apples from cuttings is difficult because most apple cultivars and rootstocks do not readily form roots under conventional nursery conditions [23] . However, the rooting ability of apple cuttings can be improved by `conditioning' the mother plants using treatments such as heavy pruning and blanching [11], application of growth retardants [6,9] or exposure to low light intensity [7] . Success in the striking of cuttings is determined as much by the management of the stock plants prior to severance as by the conditions under which root formation occurred [18] . Most of the research done on root formation is concerned with cuttings after excision from the stock plants .Recent reviews on adventitious root formation [10,13] have drawn attention to the importance of the physiological state of the mother plants at time of collection of the cuttings . Investigations on the hormonal balance in stock and the results are conflicting . In Dahlia [3] and in Rhododendron [24] the capacity of cuttings to form adventitious roots is not correlated with the endogenous level of IAA in the mother plants . In stock plant of Bougainvillea, Hibiscus [5] and Vitis [2], however, enhanced root formation of cuttings is associated with high IAA content . Similarly very little is known about the occurrence of ABA in mother plants . In Rhododendron the rooting ability of cuttings is positively correlated with a high ABA content in stock plants [24] but high ABA levels are found to be inhibitory in Sequoia sempervirens [8] .Difficult-and easy-to-root microcuttings of the same apple cultivar can be produced in vitro by repeated subculture under specific conditions [19] .
In this study, rooting and growth characteristics of different poplar clones from six species including Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall clone Lux, Populus nigra subsp. betulifolia (Pursh) W. Wettstein clone 17/13, Populus euramericana (Dode) Guinier clone 561/41, P. deltoides clone Samsun, Populus alba Linnaeus clone 49/9, Populus caspica (Bornmüller) Bornmüller, and Populus euphratica Olivier in hydroponic and soil cultures have been evaluated. In hydroponic culture, poplar cuttings were grown in plastic tanks and in soil culture, poplar cuttings were planted into plastic pots with 12 replications for each clone. The pot experiment was a Complete Randomized Design. Root length, stem diameter, stem height, and root and shoot dry matter of poplar plants were studied in hydroponic culture after 84 days and in soil culture three times at 6, 12, 18 weeks in 2017. In hydroponic culture, the cuttings of P. deltoides Lux and P. nigra betulifolia 17/13, and of P. deltoides Samsun and P. euphratica were among the first and last clones that rooted, respectively. Also, the lowest rate of rooting was observed in P. deltoides Samsun and P. euphratica clones. The highest values of all parameters except root length were obtained in P. euphratica. The highest root length and stem diameter were observed in clones of P. deltoides Lux, P. nigra betulifolia 17/13, P. euramericana 561/41, and P. deltoides Samsun. In soil culture, P. deltoides Lux, P. nigra betulifolia 17/13, and P. alba 49/9 showed the highest percentage of rooting compared to the other clones at the first measurement. All the clones except the clone of P. euphratica reached above 40 cm root length in each of the three measurement periods. The highest stem diameter, stem height, and shoot dry matter were obtained in clone of P. deltoides Lux and root dry matter in clone of P. alba 49/9.
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