‘Endogenous’ and ‘exogenous’: a useful dichotomy?

Lewis, Aubrey

doi:10.1017/s0033291700041817

Cited by 39 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…In the last of these analyses, variate one separated an-fruitless exercise. Re-affinning the unitarian position he adopted in the 1930's, Lewis (1971) has more recently expressed the view that "anxiety" is such an ambiguous and confusing term that the disorders denoted by it should be discarded.…”

Section: Enquiry 2 Measures 01 Personality and The Classilication 01 mentioning

confidence: 99%

Further Investigations into the Relationship between Depressive Disorders and Anxiety State

Roth¹,

Cq²,

Caetano³

1982

Pharmacopsychiatry

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Results of two investigations into the relationship between anxiety states and depressive disorders are summarized. In the first study (117 patients), which was confined to neurotic forms of depressive and/or anxious affective disorder, analysis of the findings derived from systematic clinical examination and eight rating scales, seven of them supposedly unidimensional measures of the severity of emotional disturbance, made it possible to achieve clear separation of the patient population into two groups both in the full sample and in two randomly derived subsamples. A number of rating scales have been shown to be effective tools for diagnostic discrimination within the affective disorders. The second enquiry (152 patients) covered the entire range of disorders of affect. Multivariate analyses of data derived from Present State Examination (P.S.E.) differentiated the patient population into three main groups: 1) endogenous depression; 2) neurotic depression; and 3) anxiety neuroses. There was 84% agreement between the classification of patients into the groups "anxiety state" and "depressive disorder" and separation of the 152 patients also was achieved with the aid of ratings on the Maudsley Personality Inventory and the Cattell 16 PF Battery.

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Section: Enquiry 2 Measures 01 Personality and The Classilication 01 mentioning

confidence: 99%

Further Investigations into the Relationship between Depressive Disorders and Anxiety State

Roth¹,

Cq²,

Caetano³

1982

Pharmacopsychiatry

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“…Unipolar and bipolar depression appear to be neurochemically, pharmacologically, physiologically, and genetically distinct (Baxter et al, 1985(Baxter et al, , 1989Rice et al, 1987;Schwartz et al, 1987Schwartz et al, , 1989Schatzberg et al, 1989;Goodwin and Jamison, 1990;Moldin et al, 199 1). Within unipolar depression, additional heterogeneity appears to exist, although controversy remains as to subdivisions therein (Lewis, 1971;Zimmerman et al, 1990). One classification for unipolar depression capitalizes on the heritability of affective disorders, and identifies three subtypes based upon family history: depressive spectrum disease, familial pure depressive disease (FPDD), and sporadic depressive disease (Winokur, 1982).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression

et al. 1992

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The functional neuroanatomy of unipolar major depression was investigated using positron emission tomography to measure differences in regional cerebral blood flow (BF). A relatively homogeneous subject group was obtained using criteria for familial pure depressive disease (FPDD), which are based upon family history as well as upon symptoms and course. Because of the absence of certain knowledge about the pathophysiology of mood disorders and their underlying functional neuroanatomy, we used data obtained from the subtraction of composite images from one-half of depressed and control subjects to identify candidate regions of interest. The major cortical region defined in this manner was statistically tested on a second set of subjects. Using this strategy, we found increased BF in an area that extended from the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex onto the medial prefrontal cortical surface. Based upon the connectivity between these portions of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala and evidence that the amygdala is involved in emotional modulation, activity was measured in the left amygdala and found to be significantly increased in the depressed group. A separate group of subjects with FPDD who were currently asymptomatic were also imaged to determine whether these findings represented abnormalities associated with the depressed state, or with a trait difference that might underlie the tendency to become depressed. Only the depressed group had increased activity in the left prefrontal cortex, suggesting that this abnormality represents a state marker of FPDD. Both the depressed and the remitted groups demonstrated increased activity in the left amygdala, though this difference achieved significance only in the depressed group. This suggests that the abnormality involving the left amygdala may represent a trait marker of FPDD, though further assessment in a larger sample size is necessary to establish this. These data along with other evidence suggest that a circuit involving the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and related parts of the striatum, pallidum, and medial thalamus is involved in the functional neuroanatomy of depression.

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“…Kraepelin propôs uma divisão das doenças mentais em exógenas e endógenas e reconheceu sua dívida para com Möbius (1893). A palavra "endógeno" (originalmente cunhada no contexto da classificação botânica por De Candolle em 1813; Heron, 1965) foi usada na psiquiatria fin de siècle como um termo "técnico" para se referir aos estados psicopatológicos que se acreditava resultarem da "degeneração" da semente humana (por exemplo, a histeria e a doença maníaco-depressiva) (Lewis, 1971). O restante dos distúrbios psiquiátricos eram "exógenos".…”

Section: O Termo "Depressão"unclassified

Melancolia e depressão durante o século XIX: uma história conceitual

Berríos

2012

Rev. latinoam. psicopatol. fundam.

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Este artigo analisa historicamente o background ideológico que tornou possível a transformação da noção de melancolia nos conceitos de depressão e transtorno bipolar, a partir das mudanças médicas e psicológicas ocorridas no decorrer do século XIX. A antiga noção de melancolia foi remodelada e sua transição para a doença depressiva foi facilitada pelo conceito de Iipemania de Esquirol, que, pela primeira vez, enfatizou a natureza afetiva primária da doença. Finalmente, uma vez obtidas as condições conceituais necessárias, a melancolia e a mania foram combinadas no conceito de insanidade alternante, periódica, circular, ou de forma dupla, seus rígidos padrões descritivos foram flexibilizados, tendo culminado este processo na sinopse de Kraepelin.

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‘Endogenous’ and ‘exogenous’: a useful dichotomy?

Abstract: SYNOPSISWithin a few years of their introduction into psychiatry in 1893 the terms ‘endogenous’ and ‘exogenous’ were widely used. The development of the two words and the semantic uncertainty which surrounded them is traced in this article.

Cited by 39 publications

References 13 publications

Further Investigations into the Relationship between Depressive Disorders and Anxiety State

Further Investigations into the Relationship between Depressive Disorders and Anxiety State

A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression

Melancolia e depressão durante o século XIX: uma história conceitual

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