Endocytic protein Pal1 regulates appressorium formation and is required for full virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae

Abstract

The ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast, which has become a model organism for studying plantpathogen interactions (Dean et al., 2012;Ebbole, 2007). During infection, M. oryzae forms a melanized appressorium on the host surface, breaches the host cuticle with a penetration peg, and spreads across host cells through invasive hyphae (Ebbole, 2007;Wilson & Talbot, 2009). The formation and maturation of the appressorium is a key and complex process that is determined by spore storage components (such as glycogen and lipid) and is regulated by a variety of signalling pathways (Rho et al., 2009;Talbot, 2003).The cAMP signalling pathway is one of the most important signalling pathways in the formation of the appressorium in M. ory-

Acupuncture for the Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A PRISMA-Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Nine studies were conducted in China and one study was conducted in Norway [ 30 ]. Five studies [ 24 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 31 ] compared acupuncture to conventional treatment and four studies [ 23 , 26 , 28 , 32 ] compared acupuncture plus conventional treatment to conventional treatment alone. One study [ 30 ] was a three-arm clinical trial comparing acupuncture, sham acupuncture, and conventional treatment.…”

“…One study [ 30 ] recruited participants corresponding to four pattern identifications (retention of damp in the Yangming channel, damp combined with heat, retention of phlegm in the Shaoyang channel, and liver fire), and acupuncture treatment was performed accordingly. Four studies [ 23 , 28 , 30 , 32 ] reported that they had obtained permission from an institutional review board before conducting the study, and five studies [ 23 – 25 , 28 , 32 ] reported that informed consent was obtained from the participants. Four studies [ 25 , 29 , 30 , 32 ] mentioned funding sources, all of which were provided by the state or local province.…”

“…Five studies [ 24 , 28 – 31 ] used manual acupuncture, two studies [ 26 , 32 ] used electroacupuncture, two studies [ 25 , 27 ] used moxibustion, and one study [ 23 ] used transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS). For the acupuncture points, the most frequently used was LI4 [ 23 , 24 , 28 , 30 – 32 ], followed by EX-HN3 [ 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 31 ] and LI20 [ 23 – 25 , 28 , 31 ] in five studies and GV20 in three studies [ 24 , 28 , 31 ]. In most studies, the needle retention time was 20–30 min and treatment frequency was once or twice daily.…”

“…As five studies [ 23 – 25 , 29 , 30 ] used appropriate random sequence generation methods, the risk of selection bias was low. No studies reported information regarding allocation concealment, blinding of participants, personnel, or outcome assessors.…”

“…erefore, the final full-text publications of 40 available studies were assessed for eligibility. After excluding studies other than RCTs (n � 10), those not about CRS (n � 6), those including treatments other than acupuncture (n � 8), those using other CIM interventions in the control group (n � 3), and those using duplicate data (n � 3), a total of 10 studies [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] were included in this review (Figure 1 and Supplementary File 2).…”