Endocytic carboxylated nanodiamond for the labeling and tracking of cell division and differentiation in cancer and stem cells

Therapeutic applications of low-toxicity spherical nanocarbon materials

“…17,18,22,120,131 Several toxicological studies on nanodiamonds in vitro with various cell lines showed that they do not cause cytotoxic or detrimental effects on cellular proliferation. 132,133 Through comprehensive bioassays, it was confirmed that nanodiamonds do not induce inflammation or the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha or inducible nitric oxide synthase in cells after incubation. 117 Furthermore, by taking advantage of the intrinsic fluorescence of nanodiamonds, their biodistribution and biocompatibility were evaluated using a C. elegans and a mouse model.…”

Intracellular partitioning of cell organelles and extraneous nanoparticles during mitosis

“…It has been accepted that for these slowly or non degrading particles, cell division usually results in an exponential decrease in the intracellular concentration of the particles, as in general both daughter cells receive approximately 50% of the particles. Recently, several studies questioned the general applicability of this finding [85,86].…”

Luminescent nanodiamonds for biomedical applications

“…In one study, the application of nanodiamonds to the skin of mice did not cause contact hypersensitivity or other allergic reactions (Burleson et al 2009). At a dose of 1mg/kg, Other -DNA (Christiaens et al 2006;Takahashi et al 2003;Knickerbocker et al 2003;Lu et al 2004;Rezek et al 2006;Yang et al 2002) -DNA (Ushizawa et al 2002) (ester linkage) Table 6 Cells showing good biocompatibility with nanodiamond in vitro HeLa cells (human cervical carcinoma) (Faklaris et al 2008;Vaijayanthimala et al 2009) Human lung adenocarcinoma cells Liu et al 2007;Liu et al 2009) Keratinocytes (Burleson et al 2009;Schrand et al 2007) Neuroblastomas (Schrand et al 2007) PC-12 cells (Schrand et al 2007) Lung fibroblasts Embryonic fibroblasts Vaijayanthimala et al 2009) Human kidney cells Osteoprogenitor cells (Vaijayanthimala et al 2009) Macrophages (Schrand et al 2007) 4 nm nanodiamonds instilled into the mouse trachea were phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages within 24 h, with a decrease in the number of nanodiamonds observed in the alveolar area throughout the study. Histopathological and ultrastructural investigations at 7, 14 and 28 days postexposure also showed no adverse effects in the lungs; nor did nanodiamonds evidently translocate into the bloodstream and/or other organs (Yuan et al 2010).…”

“…Optical measurements based on luminescence Chao et al 2007;Chang et al 2008a, b;Faklaris et al 2008Faklaris et al , 2009bLiu et al 2009;Yuan et al 2009;Zhang et al 2009a) or Raman signatures ) have shown that nanodiamonds are internalised and tend to be located in endocytic vesicles, but they do not enter the nucleus. This has been confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (Chang et al 2008a, b;Faklaris et al 2008Faklaris et al , 2009bYu et al 2005;Liu et al 2009;Zhang et al 2009a).…”

“…Various pathways of cellular internalisation have been suggested (Nordsletten et al 1996;Chang et al 2008a;Liu et al 2009). Studies with 25-30 nm nanodiamonds have shown that internalisation is predominantly receptormediated and clathrin-dependent (Faklaris et al 2009b;Vaijayanthimala et al 2009;Zhang et al 2009a).…”