Endocrinology: Chronic hepatitis in the dog ‐ a review

Differential expression of copper-associated and oxidative stress related proteins in a new variant of copper toxicosis in Doberman pinschers

“…Histopathology showed chronic hepatitis (Figure 7A) with histological features of fibrosis / micronodular cirrhosis, etc. These lesions are comparable to chronic hepatitis in man [42]. Rubeanic acid staining revealed copper accumulation in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells / macrophages (Figure 7B).…”

“…, below 300 mg/kg dry matter. The dogs were classified as suffering from subclinical hepatitis, which most likely was the result of a different etiological factor, such as infections, deficiencies, other toxins, deficient immune status or immune-mediated mechanism [42]. …”

Chronic hepatitis in man and in dog: a comparative update

“…Laboratory findings are usually unspecific, and even though they can suggest a problem involving the liver they do not highlight whether the condition is a chronic hepatitis or another problem affecting that organ (19).…”

“…Clinically, the disorder is generally not characterized by specific signs (19); anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, polydipsia and polyuria, fatigue but also jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy and ascites can be variably associated to the disease, depending on its severity (1,19). In case of liver failure, coagulopathies may be present; cirrhosis can be associated with portal hypertension (6) and in dogs with chronic hepatitis, ascites has been considered a negative prognostic factor (20), as already known for humans (21).…”

“…It is important to determine the activity (quantity and extent of the damage) and the stage (extent of fibrosis and presence of cirrhosis) of the disease (5,6,19) (Figs. C and D).…”