Endocrine regulation of female germline stem cells in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract

Germline stem cells (GSCs) are critical for the generation of sperms and eggs in most animals including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. It is well known that selfrenewal and differentiation of female D. melanogaster GSCs are regulated by local niche signals. However, little is known about whether and how the GSC number is regulated by paracrine signals. In the last decade, however, multiple humoral factors, including insulin and ecdysteroids, have been recognized as key regulators of female D. melanogaster GSCs. This review paper summarizes the role of humoral factors in female D. melanogaster GSC proliferation and maintenance in response to internal and external conditions, such as nutrients, mating stimuli, and aging. Highlights (≤85 characters including space for each)-Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSCs) are regulated by humoral factors-Insulin and steroid hormones regulate proliferation and maintenance of female GSCs-Nutrients, mating and aging affect female GSCs through multiple hormones

Neuronal octopamine signaling regulates mating-induced germline stem cell increase in female Drosophila melanogaster

“…In the last decades, there is growing evidence that GSCs and their niche are influenced by multiple humoral factors ( Drummond-Barbosa, 2019 ; Yoshinari et al, 2019 ). Based on the data from our current study and previous studies, there are at least four crucial humoral factors for regulating the increase and/or maintenance of D. melanogaster female GSCs, including DILPs ( Hsu et al, 2008 ; Hsu and Drummond-Barbosa, 2009 ; LaFever, 2005 ), ecdysteroids ( Ables and Drummond-Barbosa, 2010 ; Ameku et al, 2017 ; Ameku and Niwa, 2016 ; König et al, 2011 ), Neuropeptide F (NPF) ( Ameku et al, 2018 ), and OA (this study).…”

“…In recent years, many studies have revealed that not only local niche signals but also systemic and neuronal factors play indispensable roles in regulating GSC behavior ( Ables and Drummond-Barbosa, 2017 ; Drummond-Barbosa, 2019 ; Yoshinari et al, 2019 ). In D. melanogaster , ecdysteroid signaling is essential for the proliferation and maintenance of GSCs and neural stem cells ( Ables and Drummond-Barbosa, 2010 ; Homem et al, 2014 ; König et al, 2011 ).…”

“…For example, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Glass bottom boat (Gbb) are produced from the niche cells and directly activate BMP receptors in GSCs, leading to the repression of the differentiation inducer, bag-of-marbles ( bam ) ( Morrison and Spradling, 2008 ; Zhang and Cai, 2020 ). Recent D. melanogaster GSC studies have also contributed to understanding of the systemic regulation of stem cell proliferation and maintenance in response to external environmental cues ( Ables and Drummond-Barbosa, 2017 ; Drummond-Barbosa, 2019 ; Lin and Hsu, 2020 ; Yoshinari et al, 2019 ). For example, protein restriction results in a reduction in GSC division, which is mediated by Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs) ( LaFever, 2005 ).…”

“…Besides nutrients, we have recently found out that mating is another external cue that significantly affects D. melanogaster GSC increase. Mated females show a dramatic increase in egg production, as well as GSC, which is induced by a male-derived peptide from the seminal fluid called sex peptide (SP) ( Kubli, 2003 ; Yoshinari et al, 2019 ). SP is received by its specific receptor, sex peptide receptor (SPR), in a small subset of SPR-positive sensory neurons (SPSNs), which are located in the uterine lumen and send afferent axons into the tip of the abdominal ganglion ( Häsemeyer et al, 2009 ; Yapici et al, 2008 ).…”

Neuronal octopamine signaling regulates mating-induced germline stem cell proliferation in femaleDrosophila melanogaster

“…79Besides nutrients, we have recently found out that mating is another external cue that 80 significantly affects D. melanogaster GSC increase. Mated females show a dramatic increase in 81 egg production, as well as GSC, which is induced by a male-derived peptide from the seminal 82 fluid called Sex peptide (SP) (Kubli, 2003;Yoshinari et al, 2019). SP is received by its 83 specific receptor, Sex peptide receptor (SPR), in a small subset of SPR-positive 84 sensory neurons (SPSNs), which innervate the uterine lumen and send afferent processes into the 85 tip of the abdominal ganglion (Häsemeyer et al, 2009;Yapici et al, 2008).…”