Endocrine, Metabolic, and Morphologic Alterations of Adipose Tissue During Critical Illness*

Adiponectin, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: Parsing the dual prognostic implications of a complex adipokine

“…Whether the positive association of adiponectin with mortality is independent of adipose-tissue density has not been reported, but would address the role of changes in adipocyte size and function as an underpinning in aging, and perhaps other disorders such as HF. Interestingly, critical illness is associated with preservation of fat mass but development of newly differentiated, small adipocytes, which would account for a rise in adiponectin levels in this high-risk setting (27). …”

Dopamine D2 receptor upregulates leptin and IL-6 in adipocytes

“…Leptin regulates food intake and energy homeostasis, and the production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 (2), as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines (3,4). IL-6, expressed in preadipocytes and adipocytes, causes a mutually inductive, positive "feedback loop" of inflammation in adipose tissue (5).…”

Body Composition and Parenteral Nutrition

“…In eritieally ill patients, adipose tissue develops an increasing ability to store glueose and triglyeerides, with an inerease in newly differentiated adipoeytes (13).…”