Endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands

Egalini, Filippo; Marinelli, Lorenzo; Rossi, Mattia; Motta, Giovanna; Prencipe, Nunzia; Giaccherino, Ruth Rossetto; Pagano, Loredana; Grottoli, Silvia; Giordano, Roberta

doi:10.1007/s12020-022-03076-x

Cited by 28 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 146 publications

(131 reference statements)

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“…Emerging research on endocrine disrupting chemicals suggests a possible role in adrenal disease. 29 The cat described here represents the second report of adrenal insufficiency in the face of the bilateral adenomegaly and necrosis, and the first such case in a cat. We describe a previously unreported cause of hypoadrenocorticism in cats and illustrate that large adrenal glands on ultrasound examination do not rule out hypoadrenocorticism as a diagnosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Acute adrenal necrosis in a young female cat

Manson,

Hammond,

Callahan Clark

2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Case DescriptionAn 18‐month‐old spayed female domestic short haired cat was presented for poor appetite, lethargy, exaggerated swallowing, and regurgitation 2 weeks after endoscopic retrieval of gastric foreign material.Clinical FindingsThe cat was quiet with tacky mucous membranes on physical examination. Point‐of‐care blood testing identified mild azotemia, moderate hypercalcemia, and a sodium‐to‐potassium ratio of 26. An ultrasound examination the next day identified moderate to marked bilateral adrenomegaly. Cytology of a fine needle aspirate of the adrenal glands was consistent with necrosis and associated inflammation. Hypoadrenocorticism was diagnosed by a confirmatory adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test.Treatment and OutcomeThe cat normalized both clinically and biochemically after treatment with prednisolone and desoxycorticosterone pivalate.Clinical RelevanceAcute adrenal necrosis has been well documented in human medicine after anesthetic events. To our knowledge, hypoadrenocorticism caused by cytologically confirmed acute adrenal necrosis has not been previously reported in dogs and cats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…It is possible that ingestion of an unknown toxin or release of a toxin from the breakdown of hair tie elastics could have led to the adrenal hemorrhage and necrosis. Emerging research on endocrine disrupting chemicals suggests a possible role in adrenal disease 29 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute adrenal necrosis in a young female cat

Manson,

Hammond,

Callahan Clark

2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…However, compared to the studies on gonads, only a small number of research have assessed the effects of EDC on the adrenal gland, although maintaining proper function of adrenal glands is crucial for maintaining life ( Harvey, 2016 ). Nevertheless, data is gradually accumulating that major endocrine disruptors with reproductive toxicity also have adverse effects on the adrenal glands ( Egalini et al, 2022 ). Adrenal glands possess estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta) and androgen receptor (AR), so estrogen-like or anti-androgenic substances can act as or disrupt the original ligands ( Trejter et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Nonylphenol on the Secretion of Catecholamines and Adrenocortical Hormones from Short-Term Incubated Rat Adrenal Glands

Kim,

Cheon,

Lee

2023

Dev. Reprod.

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Previously, we showed that a chronic-low-dose nonylphenol (NP) exposure resulted in histological changes with sexually dimorphic pattern in rat adrenal glands. We hypothesized that such structural changes are closely related to the hormonal secretory patterns. To test this hypothesis, we developed the short-term adrenal incubation method, and measured the levels of catecholamines and cortical steroids using the high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The norepinephrine (NE) levels in media from NP-treated female adrenal, except 100 pM NP, were significantly increased [control (CTL) vs 1 nM NP, p <0.001; vs 10 nM NP, p <0.05; vs 100 nM NP, p <0.001; vs 1 μM NP, p <0.01]. The NE secretion from male adrenal was higher when treated with 100 nM and 1 μM NP (CTL vs 100 nM NP, p <0.05; vs 1 μM NP, p <0.05, respectively). The aldosterone level in the female adrenal media treated with 100 pM NP was significantly decreased, on the other hand, that of media treated with 10 nM NP was significantly increased (CTL vs 100 pM NP, p <0.05; vs 10 nM NP, p <0.01). In male adrenal media, the aldosterone levels of 10 nM, 100 nM and 1 μM NP-treated media were significantly declined (CTL vs 10 nM NP, p <0.001; vs 100 nM NP, p <0.001; vs 1 μM NP, p <0.001). These results showed the NP treatment altered secretory pattern of aldosterone from adrenals of both sexes, showing sexual dimorphism. It may be helpful for understanding possible adrenal pathophysiology, and endocrine disrupting chemicals-related sexually dimorphic phenomena in adrenals.

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“…For a more punctual reading about infant diagnosis, we suggest referring to dedicated articles. A proper anamnesis should be collected, in order to evaluate familial pattern of this condition and to collect information about general health status, including potential exposition to endocrine disrupting chemicals ( 136 ).…”

Section: Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolated anterior pituitary dysfunction in adulthood

et al. 2023

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Hypopituitarism is defined as a complete or partial deficiency in one or more pituitary hormones. Anterior hypopituitarism includes secondary adrenal insufficiency, central hypothyroidism, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, growth hormone deficiency and prolactin deficiency. Patients with hypopituitarism suffer from an increased disability and sick days, resulting in lower health status, higher cost of care and an increased mortality. In particular during adulthood, isolated pituitary deficits are not an uncommon finding; their clinical picture is represented by vague symptoms and unclear signs, which can be difficult to properly diagnose. This often becomes a challenge for the physician. Aim of this narrative review is to analyse, for each anterior pituitary deficit, the main related etiologies, the characteristic signs and symptoms, how to properly diagnose them (suggesting an easy and reproducible step-based approach), and eventually the treatment. In adulthood, the vast majority of isolated pituitary deficits are due to pituitary tumours, head trauma, pituitary surgery and brain radiotherapy. Immune-related dysfunctions represent a growing cause of isolated pituitary deficiencies, above all secondary to use of oncological drugs such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. The diagnosis of isolated pituitary deficiencies should be based on baseline hormonal assessments and/or dynamic tests. Establishing a proper diagnosis can be quite challenging: in fact, even if the diagnostic methods are becoming increasingly refined, a considerable proportion of isolated pituitary deficits still remains without a certain cause. While isolated ACTH and TSH deficiencies always require a prompt replacement treatment, gonadal replacement therapy requires a benefit-risk evaluation based on the presence of comorbidities, age and gender of the patient; finally, the need of growth hormone replacement therapies is still a matter of debate. On the other side, prolactin replacement therapy is still not available. In conclusion, our purpose is to offer a broad evaluation from causes to therapies of isolated anterior pituitary deficits in adulthood. This review will also include the evaluation of uncommon symptoms and main etiologies, the elements of suspicion of a genetic cause and protocols for diagnosis, follow-up and treatment.

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Endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands

Cited by 28 publications

References 146 publications

Acute adrenal necrosis in a young female cat

Acute adrenal necrosis in a young female cat

Effects of Nonylphenol on the Secretion of Catecholamines and Adrenocortical Hormones from Short-Term Incubated Rat Adrenal Glands

Isolated anterior pituitary dysfunction in adulthood

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