Endocannabinoids and the regulation of body fat: the smoke is clearing

Horváth, Tamas L.

doi:10.1172/jci19376

Cited by 67 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Th e ECS is involved in the regulation of food intake and energy balance as evidenced by the following: 1) binding of endocannabinoids to CB1 receptors results in an increased appetite, weight gain, lipogenesis, and lower insulin sensitivity (Horvath 2003); 2) an increased food intake aft er central administration of cannabinoids mediated by CB1 activation (Jamshidi and Taylor 2001; Verty et al 2005) and its suppression by blocking the cannabinoid receptor that has been found to have a direct participation of sympathetic nervous system, ghrelin, or leptin (Alen et al 2013;Silvestri and Di Marzo 2013); 3) increased endocannabinoid hypothalamic levels in rodents with diet-induced or genetic obesity (Quarta et al 2011). Th e endocannabinoids increase the production of the hypothalamic appetite stimulating transmitters and reduce the production of the appetite-suppressing signals.…”

Section: Role Of the Endocannabinoid Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central and peripheral control of food intake

Abdalla

2017

Endocrine Regulations

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Th e maintenance of the body weight at a stable level is a major determinant in keeping the higher animals and mammals survive. Th e body weight depends on the balance between the energy intake and energy expenditure. Increased food intake over the energy expenditure of prolonged time period results in an obesity. Th e obesity has become an important worldwide health problem, even at low levels. Th e obesity has an evil eff ect on the health and is associated with a shorter life expectancy. A complex of central and peripheral physiological signals is involved in the control of the food intake. Centrally, the food intake is controlled by the hypothalamus, the brainstem, and endocannabinoids and peripherally by the satiety and adiposity signals. Comprehension of the signals that control food intake and energy balance may open a new therapeutic approaches directed against the obesity and its associated complications, as is the insulin resistance and others. In conclusion, the present review summarizes the current knowledge about the complex system of the peripheral and central regulatory mechanisms of food intake and their potential therapeutic implications in the treatment of obesity. Th e maintenance of the body weight at a stable level is a major determinant in keeping the higher animals and mammals survive (Jequier and Tappy 1999). As a compensatory mechanism, hunger increases and energy expenditure decreases the weight loss. However, opposite responses are triggered when body weight increases. Body weight can change only when energy intake is not equal to energy expenditure over a given period of time (Bray et al. 2012). A complex physiological control system is involved in the maintenance of the energy balance. Th is system includes aff erent signals from the periphery about the state of the energy stores and eff erent signals that affect the energy intake and expenditure (Sandoval et al. 2008). Th is regulatory system is formed by multiple interactions between the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), adipose tissue, and the central nervous system (CNS). It is infl uenced by behavioral, sensorial, autonomic, nutritional, and endocrine mechanisms (Boguszewski et al. 2010). Satiety and adiposity signalsTh e food intake control includes a short-term regulation, which determines the beginning and the end of a meal (hunger and satiation) and the interval between the meals (satiety) and a long-term regulation with factors (signals of adiposity), which help to regulate the body energy depots (Cummings and Overduin 2007).Th e satiation means a suppression of the hunger and termination of the food intake aft er ingestion of Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/11/18 9:54 AM

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Section: Role Of the Endocannabinoid Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central and peripheral control of food intake

Abdalla

2017

Endocrine Regulations

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“…15 A possible inhibition of anorexic signals conveyed by CRH and POMC neurons and a putative sensitization of the orexigenic signal conveyed by orexins was recently proposed. 16 Moreover, CB1 À/À mice (animals lacking CB1 expression) have increased CRH expression in the paraventricular nuclei and reduced CART expression in the dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamus, 15 indicating that genetic impairment of the endocannabinoid signal may affect the pattern of gene expression of peptides involved in food intake regulation. Importantly, recent data show that functional activation of CB1 strongly potentiates orexin Astimulated intracellular pathway mediated by Orexin 1 receptors.…”

Section: Endocannabinoid System and Hypothalamusmentioning

confidence: 99%

How many sites of action for endocannabinoids to control energy metabolism?

et al. 2006

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The promising results obtained by clinical trials using Rimonabant to tackle visceral obesity and related disorders recently promoted a remarkable impulse to carry out detailed investigations into the mechanisms of action of endocannabinoids in regulating food intake and energy metabolism. The endocannabinoid system has been known for many years to play an important role in the modulation of the neuronal pathways mediating the rewarding properties of food. However, in the last few years, with the advanced understanding of the crucial role of the hypothalamic neuronal network in the regulation of appetite, several studies have also directed attention to the orexigenic role of the endocannabinoid system, substantiating the well known appetite stimulating properties of derivatives of Cannabis sativa. Furthermore, the last 2 years have seen a number of relevant publications emphasizing the role of endocannabinoids as significant players in various peripheral metabolic processes. To date, the roles of the endocannabinoid system in influencing energy metabolism have proved to be more complex than was formerly believed. However, the diverse ability to modulate both central and peripheral processes highlights the pivotal involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the control of metabolic processes. This review describes the roles of endocannabinoids and the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) in the control of energy balance.

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“…9 The endocannabinoid system is overactivated in genetic animal models of obesity 5 and in response to exogenous stimuli such as excessive food intake. 10 Preclinical studies implicate the endocannabinoid system in the modulation of food intake and adipogenesis, [11][12][13] through peripheral mechanisms. The system might provide a possible treatment target for high-risk overweight or obese patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%