Endocannabinoids and exercise

Dietrich, Andrea M.; McDaniel, William F.

doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.011718

Cited by 322 publications

(250 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…On the other hand, it is possible that exercise sessions with longer durations (usually performed by long-distance runners) create positive feelings of well-being, euphoria, analgesia, happiness, and energy. This premise is based on a concept known as "runner 's high" [26] and could be explained by the hypothesis of the endocannabinoid system [27] as well as by opioidergic mechanisms [26]. However, future studies are needed to clarify this issue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Duration on Affective Responses

Oliveira¹,

Santos²,

Fagundes³

et al. 2017

ARC Journal of Neuroscience

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Duration on Affective Responses

Oliveira¹,

Santos²,

Fagundes³

et al. 2017

ARC Journal of Neuroscience

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“…9,10 However, the endocannabinoid system is widely accepted as a fundamental factor in this hypoalgesic response. 11 Preliminary studies have shown that blocking of the endocannabinoid system cannot only alter the exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) but also result in lower pain thresholds. 11 Previous studies have also shown that submaximal isometric contraction of muscle can cause a significant increase in pain pressure threshold in the contracted muscle, contralateral resting muscles, and distant resting muscle.…”

Section: Musculoskeletal 2 Neuropathic 3 Neurovascularmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One among them is the endogeneous opioid system and release of peripheral and central neurotransmitters including beta-endorphins that play an important role. 26,27 Other mechanisms that may activate inhibitory modulating system are enhancement of inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine 11 interactions with the cardiovascular system, 28 and the adenosinergic system involvement. 16 Pain threshold has been monitored to be increased consistently after exercise when the painful stimulus is electrical or chemical but less for thermal stimuli.…”

Section: 24mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It may be caused by factors related with reduction after exercise. Inhibiting neurotransmitters in brain and their different levels, such as norepinephrine and serotonin 11 and activation of the adenosinergic 16 or the opioid systems in the rat 18,26 may control the rats' EIH and has the role in pain development after the surgery. Previous studies on athletes have shown that their pain perception differs in comparison with the control group.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exercise-induced Hypoalgesia Profiles for Pain Prediction in the Trigeminal System

Assiri¹

2017

World Journal of Dentistry

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Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the predictivity of exerciseinduced hypoalgesia (EIH) profile on pain severity produced by nerve injury in an animal model. Materials and methods:A total of 51 rats were divided according to the EIH model, which was evaluated by the percentage of withdrawal actions of 30 repetitive physical stimuli on the hind paw of the rat before and after 3 minutes of exercise on a treadmill, into high and low EIH. Left infraorbital nerve injury was then done on rats from high and low EIH groups. Pain assays as mechanical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia were evaluated in the ipsilateral and unaffected whisker pad before and 3, 10, and 17 days after the surgery.Results: Rats that were categorized as low EIH showed increased hypersensitivity and demonstrated significantly severe mechanical hyperalgesia in ipsilateral side 10 and 17 days after the surgery compared with the high EIH rats. Conclusion:The authors concluded that the pinprick behavioral assay (mechanical hyperalgesia) was able to predict chronic pain development in the area of the trigeminal nerve distribution using EIH profile measured at the hind paw of the rat.

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“…Several substances such as cortisol [14], epinephrine and norepinephrine [14] and dopamine [15] may influence the affective responses. Another hypothesis used to explain the relationship between exercise and pleasure is the endocannabinoid hypothesis [16] which is based on the premise that an interaction between endocannabinoids and dopamine may influence the reward system increasing the sense of well being. Although research in this area has advanced, one of the main challenges is to understand how the brain interprets sensory inputs to generate an effective response.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroscience of Exercise: Perspectives for Exercise Adherence

2016

ARC Journal of Neuroscience

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It is well established that physical inactivity may increase the risk for the development of chronic diseases [1]. Also, physical inactivity is related to high costs with public health [2] therefore, regular exercise seems to be critical for individual and public health. In this context, it has been hypothesized that the affective response (pleasure and displeasure) may be a determinant of behavior [3], based on this premise, several original studies were performed during the last years as an attempt to establish a relationship between aerobic exercise and affective responses [4][5][6][7]. In general, the scientific literature demonstrates that aerobic exercise performed at high intensities is related to negative affective responses [8,9]. Moreover, a review published in 2015 showed that the affective response during aerobic exercise at a moderate intensity may predict future physical activity behavior [10]. However, despite the advancement of scientific literature in understanding the relationship between exercise and affective responses, the cerebral mechanisms that underlie this relationship are not well understood.Different theories are used to explain how the brain processes the affective responses. Davidson, proposed that the asymmetric electrical activity of right and left prefrontal cortex (PFC) may explain the pattern of affective response [11]. Specifically, Davidson proposed that the higher activation of left PFC is linked to positive affective response by inhibiting the amygdala whereas the higher activation of right PFC is linked to negative affective response [12]. However, it should be considered that the amygdala and the PFC are not the only structures involved in the affect modulation. The hippocampus, insula and anterior cingulate cortex are also involved in the affect modulation [12]. For example, ventral hippocampus is linked to the reward circuitry and stress response (controlling the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) [13] which may influence the affective responses [14].In addition to the electrical and anatomical factors, metabolism is also an important factor to understanding the pattern of affective responses. Several substances such as cortisol [14], epinephrine and norepinephrine [14] and dopamine [15] may influence the affective responses. Another hypothesis used to explain the relationship between exercise and pleasure is the endocannabinoid hypothesis [16] which is based on the premise that an interaction between endocannabinoids and dopamine may influence the reward system increasing the sense of well being. Although research in this area has advanced, one of the main challenges is to understand how the brain interprets sensory inputs to generate an effective response.In summary, the advancement of technology brings new perspectives for neuroscience of exercise. Different instruments may be used to assess cerebral responses to exercise such as electroencephalography, near-infrared spectroscopy or magnetic resonance. However, due to the problems associated with the use of these i...

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Endocannabinoids and exercise

Cited by 322 publications

References 66 publications

The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Duration on Affective Responses

The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Duration on Affective Responses

Exercise-induced Hypoalgesia Profiles for Pain Prediction in the Trigeminal System

Neuroscience of Exercise: Perspectives for Exercise Adherence

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