Endocannabinoid and Mood Responses to Exercise in Adults with Varying Activity Levels

Brellenthin, Angelique G.; Crombie, Kevin M.; Hillard, Cecilia J.; Koltyn, Kelli F.

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001276

Cited by 96 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Consistent with previous research conducted in healthy individuals (Brellenthin et al., ; Koltyn, ), our findings indicate that aerobic exercise was able to elicit improvements in mood as well as reduce pain in healthy adults. Additionally, the results indicated that aerobic exercise was able to elicit significant improvements in mood along with reductions in pain in individuals with PTSD.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…For this initial pilot study, we estimated sample size for our primary variable of interest (i.e., eCBs). Based on findings from previous research conducted in our lab (Koltyn et al., ; Brellenthin et al., ) that showed large effect size changes in eCBs following exercise, the analysis was powered at 0.80, with an alpha of .05, and a Cohen's f value of 0.30 (medium effect size). The mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) power analysis indicated that we would need 12 participants per group ( N = 24).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although previous investigators have used exogenous, pharmacological approaches, there is a strong rationale to investigate nonpharmacological approaches (e.g., exercise) that activate the eCB system. In addition to improving psychological health (e.g., anxiety and depression) in clinical populations (Blumenthal et al., ; Herring et al., ), exercise has been found to increase eCBs in humans (Brellenthin, Crombie, Hillard, & Koltyn, ; Koltyn, Brellenthin, Cook, Sehgal, & Hillard, ; Raichlen, Foster, Gerdeman, Seillier, & Giuffrida, ; Sparling, Giuffrida, Piomelli, Rosskopf, & Dietrich, ) and animals (Galdino et al., 2014a, 2014b; Hill et al., ), which suggests that (a) eCBs may be responsible for the exercise‐induced improvements in psychological outcomes, and (b) exercise may be a nonpharmacological treatment approach for improving mental health outcomes in individuals with PTSD due to its influence on the eCB system.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Psychobiological Responses to Aerobic Exercise in Individuals With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Crombie

Brellenthin

Hillard

et al. 2018

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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Previous reports have shown improvements in mood and increases in endocannabinoids in healthy adults following a session of aerobic exercise, but it is unclear whether adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience similar responses. The purpose of this study was to examine psychobiological responses (plasma endocannabinoids [eCBs], mood, and pain) to aerobic exercise in a sample of adults with a diagnosis of PTSD (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 12). Participants engaged in an aerobic exercise session in which they ran on a treadmill for 30 min at a moderate intensity (70 to 75% maximum heart rate [MHR]). Results indicated improvements in mood states and reductions in pain for both groups following exercise, ds = 0.19 to 1.53. Circulating concentrations of N-arachidonylethanolamine (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) significantly increased (ps = .000 to .050) following the aerobic exercise session for both groups. There were no significant time, group, or interaction effects (ps = .062 to .846) for palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and 2-oleoylglycerol (2-OG). Although eCBs increased significantly for both groups, within-group effect size calculations indicated the healthy controls experienced a greater magnitude of change for AEA when compared with adults with PTSD, d = 1.21 and d = 0.45, respectively; as well as for 2-AG, d = 0.43 and d = 0.21, respectively. The findings from this study indicated that adults with and without PTSD reported significant mood improvements following 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. In addition, the endocannabinoid system was activated in adults with and without PTSD, although effect sizes suggest that adults with PTSD may have a blunted endocannabinoid response to exercise.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychobiological Responses to Aerobic Exercise in Individuals With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Crombie

Brellenthin

Hillard

et al. 2018

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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“…It has been well established that exercise modulates different endogenous systems, including the eCB system (Tantimonaco et al, 2014). Human studies have demonstrated significant increases in eCBs plasma levels following a single bout of aerobic exercise (Brellenthin, Crombie, Hillard, & Koltyn, 2017;Heyman et al, 2012;Sparling, Giuffrida, Piomelli, Rosskopf, & Dietrich, 2003). However, long-term running significantly reduced plasma AEA levels in mice (Biedermann et al, 2016), while systemic 2-AG administration dose-dependently reduced the wheel revolutions in both obese and lean Zucker rats (Smith & Rasmussen, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired brain endocannabinoid tone in the activity‐based model of anorexia nervosa

Collu

Scherma

Piscitelli

et al. 2019

Intl J Eating Disorders

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Objective Despite the growing knowledge on the functional relationship between an altered endocannabinoid (eCB) system and development of anorexia nervosa (AN), to date no studies have investigated the central eCB tone in the activity‐based anorexia (ABA) model that reproduces key aspects of human AN. Method We measured levels of two major eCBs, anandamide (AEA) and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), those of two eCB‐related lipids, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and the cannabinoid type‐1 receptor (CB1R) density in the brain of female ABA rats, focusing on areas involved in homeostatic and rewarding‐related regulation of feeding behavior (i.e., prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, caudato putamen, amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus). Analysis was carried out also at the end of recovery from the ABA condition. Results At the end of the ABA induction phase, 2‐AG was significantly decreased in ABA rats in different brain areas but not in the caudato putamen. No changes were detected in AEA levels in any region, whereas the levels of OEA and PEA were decreased exclusively in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Furthermore, CB1R density was decreased in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus and in the lateral hypothalamus. After recovery, both 2‐AG levels and CB1R density were partially normalized in some areas. In contrast, AEA levels became markedly reduced in all the analyzed areas. Discussion These data demonstrate an altered brain eCB tone in ABA rats, further supporting the involvement of an impaired eCB system in AN pathophysiology that may contribute to the maintenance of some symptomatic aspects of the disease.

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“…This question is of theoretical importance to determine whether physical inactivity plays a role in the aetiology of depression. A combination of biochemical and psychosocial factors are likely responsible, including mechanisms through which exercise increases neurogenesis and reduces inflammatory and oxidant markers (Schuch et al, 2016) and activates the endocannabinoid system (Brellenthn et al, 2017). People with depression have reduced hippocampal volumes, fewer markers of neurogenesis (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective associations between physical activity and clinician diagnosed major depressive disorder in adults: A 13-year cohort study

Hallgren

Nguyen

Lundin

et al. 2019

Preventive Medicine

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Endocannabinoid and Mood Responses to Exercise in Adults with Varying Activity Levels

Cited by 96 publications

References 45 publications

Psychobiological Responses to Aerobic Exercise in Individuals With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Psychobiological Responses to Aerobic Exercise in Individuals With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Impaired brain endocannabinoid tone in the activity‐based model of anorexia nervosa

Prospective associations between physical activity and clinician diagnosed major depressive disorder in adults: A 13-year cohort study

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