Based on these data, we recommend an escalating epinephrine dosage concept, which facilitates titration of the drug to an effective level and meets the needs of the individual patient. This concept avoids overdosage in patients who had just collapsed shortly before initiation of CPR, attains higher levels of epinephrine in patients suffering from prolonged cardiac arrest, and takes into consideration that the effective epinephrine dose varies individually and increases with prolongation of the cardiac arrest interval.