“…Plants of the genera Atractylis, Callilepsis, Iphiona, Pascalia, and Xanthium, commonly affiliated with the family Asteraceae, contain poisonous substances https://doi.org/10.17221/183/2020-VETMED such as ATR and CATR (Obatomi and Bach 1998). In animals, cocklebur poisoning is reported mainly in cattle and pigs and rarely in dogs and horses (Machado et al 2021). Previously described cases of cocklebur intoxication included clinical signs, such as nausea, ataxia, weakness, prostration, depression, dyspnoea, hypothermia, opisthotonos, blindness, hypersensitivity, limb and neck spasms, and convulsions (Witte et al 1990).…”
A 19-month-old Korean native cow died the following day after consuming new silage. Grossly, the liver showed enlargement, redness, and haemorrhages in all the lobes. Additionally, many of the bur-shaped fruits of the cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) were found in the gastric contents. The histological evaluation confirmed centrilobular hepatic necrosis. Additionally, carboxyatractyloside (CATR), a material fatal to animals found in the cocklebur, was detected in the gastric contents using high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Based on the pathological findings and analytical confirmation, CATR intoxication was diagnosed. Therefore, careful feeding and elimination of the cocklebur is essential for minimising economic loss.
“…Plants of the genera Atractylis, Callilepsis, Iphiona, Pascalia, and Xanthium, commonly affiliated with the family Asteraceae, contain poisonous substances https://doi.org/10.17221/183/2020-VETMED such as ATR and CATR (Obatomi and Bach 1998). In animals, cocklebur poisoning is reported mainly in cattle and pigs and rarely in dogs and horses (Machado et al 2021). Previously described cases of cocklebur intoxication included clinical signs, such as nausea, ataxia, weakness, prostration, depression, dyspnoea, hypothermia, opisthotonos, blindness, hypersensitivity, limb and neck spasms, and convulsions (Witte et al 1990).…”
A 19-month-old Korean native cow died the following day after consuming new silage. Grossly, the liver showed enlargement, redness, and haemorrhages in all the lobes. Additionally, many of the bur-shaped fruits of the cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) were found in the gastric contents. The histological evaluation confirmed centrilobular hepatic necrosis. Additionally, carboxyatractyloside (CATR), a material fatal to animals found in the cocklebur, was detected in the gastric contents using high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Based on the pathological findings and analytical confirmation, CATR intoxication was diagnosed. Therefore, careful feeding and elimination of the cocklebur is essential for minimising economic loss.
“…2 H) (Solanaceae) (kaurene glycosides, parquin, and carboxyparquin). These substances with close structural similarity with carboxyatractyloside cause centrilobular or massive hepatic necrosis, with clinical signs of acute liver failure, including hepatic encephalopathy ( Pearce et al, 1992 ; Machado et al, 2021 ; Ubiali et al, 2022 ). Fig.…”
Section: Poisonous Plants In South Americamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, it was diagnosed as causing high mortality in cattle in the State of Minas Gerais in Southeast Brazil. The plant has adapted to the areas flooded by the Araguari River due to several hydroelectric plants that create transient flood conditions similar to what happens in the southern region of Brazil (Pampa biome) ( Machado et al, 2021 ). Intoxication occurs by ingestion of cotyledons or burs (mixed with silage or cereals) ( Driemeier et al, 1999 ; García y Santos and Capelli, 2016 ; Machado et al, 2021 ).…”
Section: Poisonous Plants In South Americamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The plant has adapted to the areas flooded by the Araguari River due to several hydroelectric plants that create transient flood conditions similar to what happens in the southern region of Brazil (Pampa biome) ( Machado et al, 2021 ). Intoxication occurs by ingestion of cotyledons or burs (mixed with silage or cereals) ( Driemeier et al, 1999 ; García y Santos and Capelli, 2016 ; Machado et al, 2021 ). In Argentina, there have been cases of mortality due to the direct consumption of Xanthium spinosum fruits in the field ( Costa et al, 2008 ).…”
Section: Poisonous Plants In South Americamentioning
“… 2020 ; Machado et al. 2021 ) or X. italicum Moretti (Grădilă and Jalobă 2018 ; Zhang et al. 2021 ), is used, and inconsistent terms for bur and fruit, and achene (true dry fruit) and its seed encapsulated in the bur have been used (Ghahari et al.…”
Context
The toxicity of atractyloside/carboxyatractyloside is generally well recognized and commonly ascribed to the inhibition of mitochondrial ADP/ATP carriers, which are pivotal for oxidative phosphorylation. However, these glycosides may 'paralyze' additional target proteins.
Objective
This review presents many facts about atractyloside/carboxyatractyloside and their plant producers, such as
Xanthium
spp. (Asteraceae), named cockleburs.
Methods
Published studies and other information were obtained from databases, such as 'CABI - Invasive Species Compendium', 'PubMed', and 'The World Checklist of Vascular Plants', from 1957 to December 2022. The following major keywords were used: 'carboxyatractyloside', 'cockleburs', 'hepatotoxicity', 'mitochondria', 'nephrotoxicity', and '
Xanthium
'.
Results
In the third decade of the twenty first century, public awareness of the severe toxicity of cockleburs is still limited. Such toxicity is often only perceived by specialists in Europe and other continents. Interestingly, cocklebur is among the most widely distributed invasive plants worldwide, and the recognition of new European stands of
Xanthium
spp. is provided here. The findings arising from field and laboratory research conducted by the author revealed that (i) some livestock populations may instinctively avoid eating cocklebur while grazing, (ii) carboxyatractyloside inhibits ADP/GDP metabolism, and (iii) the direct/indirect target proteins of carboxyatractyloside are ambiguous.
Conclusions
Many aspects of the
Xanthium
genus still require substantial investigation/revision in the future, such as the unification of the Latin nomenclature of currently distinguished species, bur morphology status, true fruit (achene) description and biogeography of cockleburs, and a detailed description of the physiological roles of atractyloside/carboxyatractyloside and the toxicity of these glycosides, mainly toward mammals. Therefore, a more careful interpretation of atractyloside/carboxyatractyloside data, including laboratory tests using
Xanthium
-derived extracts and purified toxins, is needed.
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