Endectocidal drugs: Ecological risks and counter-measures

Herd, R.P.

doi:10.1016/0020-7519(95)00018-w

Cited by 85 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…There are strong controversies concerning the degree of impact ivermectin may have on pastureland ecology (e. g. Barth, 1993;Strong, 1993;Forbes, 1993;Holter et al, 1994;Wratten et al, 1993;Herd, 1995;Forbes, 1996). The impact of ivermectin on dung insects probably ranges from negligible to catastrophic, depending on factors like manner of administration, time of year, and treatment frequency (see the recent models by Sherratt et al (1998)).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment of reindeer with ivermectin - effect on dung insect fauna

Nilssen

Åsbakk

Haugerud

et al. 1999

Ran

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Abstract:Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug widely used in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus (L.)) in Fennoscandia and North America. Most of the ivermectin injected in the animal is excreted unchanged in the faeces. Several reports show that ivermectin in cattle dung disrupts colonisation and survival of beneficial dung breeding insects. The present study investigated the effect of ivermectin on the reindeer dung fauna. Four reindeer calves (males, 6 months of age) were injected subcutaneously with standard doses of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg body weight) in early December. The daily produced faeces was collected until day 30 after treatment, and the concentration of ivermectin was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The highest concentration measured (mean 1632 ng/g faeces (dry weight), range 907 to 2261 ng/g among the animals) was on day 4 after treatment. The concentration decreased gradually to 28 ng/g (range 6 to 58 ng/g) on day 30. Faeces portions from day 4 and from untreated reindeer were placed in the field on 2-4 July and recollected on 13-22 September in order to detect possible differences in decomposition fauna between the samples. The most important coprophilous beetles (Apbodius spp.) and flies (Scatbophaga spp.) were not detected in this winter dung whether it contained ivermectin or not, probably because of the dry consistency and small size of the pellets. On the other hand, these insects (larvae and imagines) were common in summer dung, which had been deposited naturally in the field and later placed together with the ivermectin-containing winter dung for comparison. The summer dung has a more soft and lumpy consistency. Treatment in autumn or early winter implies that the bulk of the ivermectin from the animal will be present in faeces with winter consistency, since this bulk portion is excreted during the first 30 days after treatment. This dry and pelleted faeces is not utilized by the important coprophilous insecr species, and the current practice of treatment of reindeer with ivermectin in autumn or early winter is therefore the regime representing the least danger of harmful influence on the coprophilous fauna and their contribution to the dung decomposition process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Obviously, more experiments are necessary to resolve apparent discrepancies and clarify the stability of ivermectin in ageing dung. Strong (1993) and Herd (1995) both argue in review articles that avermectins do not decompose rapidly once dung has been deposited.…”

Section: Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of reindeer with ivermectin - effect on dung insect fauna

Nilssen

Åsbakk

Haugerud

et al. 1999

Ran

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“…Anthelmintics are of considerable value in agriculture, but possibly at an unevaluated cost to the greater environment [10,30]. The determination of effect values of pharmaceuticals on non target organisms are of great interest for the industry, which needs rapid, non expensive and standardized tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New screening test to predict the potential impact of ivermectin-contaminated cattle dung on dung beetles

Lumaret

Alvinerie²,

Hempel

et al. 2007

Vet. Res.

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-According to European Union recommendations, a test method has been developed to evaluate the effects of veterinary pharmaceuticals on dung feeding insects. This test method was evaluated with the dung beetle Aphodius constans by using fecal residues of ivermectin after a pouron administration. Dung of different age (and thus containing different concentrations of ivermectin) as well as mixtures of highly-contaminated spiked dung with untreated control dung were studied in five test runs in two laboratories. The concentration of ivermectin (active substance; a.s.) in the dung samples was verified analytically. The main test endpoint was the survival of first instar larvae. The LC 50 using dung directly obtained from treated cattle ranged from 470 to 692 µg a.s. kg −1 dung (dry weight; d.w.) and 67 to 97 µg a.s. kg −1 dung (fresh weight; f.w.). Using mixtures, the outcome of two tests was almost identical: 770 to 781 µg a.s. kg −1 dung (d.w.); 109 to 132 µg a.s. kg −1 dung (f.w.). In comparison to the LC 50 values obtained when ivermectin was spiked in control dung at several concentrations (LC 50 880-985 µg a.s. kg −1 dung (d.w.)), the LC 50 values were again very similar. Three conclusions can be drawn from these results. The proposed test method seems to be robust and allows for the initiation of an international validation process (including ringtesting). Because of only small differences found in tests in which the test substance was spiked into control dung and those in which dung from treated cattle was applied, the use of a standard test method is proposed. The effects of ivermectin on ecologically relevant dung beetles obtained in a standardised test method reflect the results from field studies and are in the range of environmentally relevant concentrations.environmental risk assessment / ivermectin / dung beetle / treated dung / screening test

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“…Ivermectin has a high potency at low concentrations against nematodes and arthropods, in particular against dung beetles and flies [8,18,20,21], and it has been demonstrated that dung pats containing ivermectin are degraded significantly slower than pats containing no ivermectin [3,13,20,21]. Although some authors [3,15] have previously recommended that cattle breeders treat their cattle with subcutaneous injection of ivermectin when there is negligible dung beetle activity, the spread of the use of Résumé -Effets négatifs des résidus d'ivermectine délivrés par un bolus à diffusion lente sur la survie du coprophage Aphodius constans (Duft.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The negative effects of the residues of ivermectin in cattle dung using a sustained-release bolus on Aphodius constans (Duft.) (Coleoptera: Aphodiidae)

et al. 2001

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-This paper reports the findings of two trials into the effects of the treatment of cattle with ivermectin slow-release (SR) bolus on the larval development of the dung beetle Aphodius constans Duft. Rectal faecal samples were collected prior to treatment and every 3 and 2 weeks in a first and second trial, respectively, and up to 156 days post-administration of the SR bolus. Faecal ivermectin concentration reached a peak at 63 days post-treatment (1427 ng⋅g -1 ) and ivermectin was detected up to 147 days post-treatment in the first trial (7.2 ng⋅g -1 ). First stage larvae of A. constans were reared with control or contaminated dung and adult beetles were counted after emergence. In the first trial, the comparison of pairwise samples showed that ivermectin prevented the development of larval A. constans until day 105, while at day 135 the rate of emergence was still significantly lower than the corresponding series of control (p < 0.05). In the second trial, the difference between control and treated series remained significant until 143 days post-treatment, with no emergence until 128 days post-administration of SR bolus to cattle. These results show the negative effect of ivermectin on the development of larval A. constans, even at a low concentration (38.4 ng⋅g -1 ). The administration of ivermectin sustained-release bolus to cattle was highly effective in killing dung beetle larvae for approximately 143 days after treatment. The results were similar when dung was obtained from a single animal kept alone, or from a blending of faecal pats obtained from a group of animals kept in field conditions during the whole trial period.ivermectin / sustained-release (SR) bolus / cattle / dung beetle / rate of emergence / environmental risk Vet. Res. 32 (2001) [421][422][423][424][425][426][427] 421

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Endectocidal drugs: Ecological risks and counter-measures

Cited by 85 publications

References 52 publications

Treatment of reindeer with ivermectin - effect on dung insect fauna

Treatment of reindeer with ivermectin - effect on dung insect fauna

New screening test to predict the potential impact of ivermectin-contaminated cattle dung on dung beetles

The negative effects of the residues of ivermectin in cattle dung using a sustained-release bolus on Aphodius constans (Duft.) (Coleoptera: Aphodiidae)

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