End-Tidal Pco2 Monitoring in Infants and Children During Ventilation With the Air-Shields Ventimeter Ventilator

Badgwell, J. Michael; MoLeod, M E; Frcpc,; Creighton, R. E.

doi:10.1097/00000542-198609001-00417

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…However, leaks may occur and pass undetected. Expired gas is mixed homogenously in the distal trachea, shown by the high correb'-ion between PE' C O 2 sampled in the distal trachea, <-id Pa cc , 2 in both infants and children [10]. Therefore, leaks of expired gas should not affect RQ measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is rich in blood vessels and has an oxygen consumption higher than normal fat tissue and most other tissues [21]. BAT has an abundant sympathetic innervation [10] and noradrenaline released from nerve endings stimulates lipolysis, which produces carbon dioxide. It has been shown that halothane inhibits lipolysis stimulated by isoproterenol [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Elimination in Infants and Children During Anaesthesia and Surgery

Lindahl

1989

British Journal of Anaesthesia

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Oxygen consumption (VO2, ml min-1) and carbon dioxide elimination (VCO2, ml min-1), minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), rate of ventilation (f) and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (E'CO2%) were measured in 38 infants and children (body weights 3.6-25 kg). Four children (body weight less than 5 kg) had congenital heart malformations and were studied during controlled mechanical ventilation, whereas the remainder (n = 34) who were healthy, breathed spontaneously. Anaesthesia was maintained with oxygen in air (FIO2 0.45) and halothane through a non-rebreathing circuit. Minute ventilation was measured by pneumotachography, E'CO2 with an in-line infra-red carbon dioxide meter and gas concentrations with a mass spectrometer. There were no differences in VO2 and VCO2 between children with and without heart disease. VO2 was related to body weight by the equation: VO2 = 5.0 x kg + 19.8 (r = 0.94) and VCO2 to body weight by the equation: VCO2 = 4.8 x kg + 6.4 (r = 0.94). There were no differences between VO2 or VCO2 before and after the start of surgery. In 11 of 21 patients weighing less than 10 kg, a reduced VCO2 was noted, giving respiratory quotients of less than 0.7. It is speculated that this age-dependent variation of VCO2 may result from partial inhibition of lipolysis in brown adipose tissue produced by halothane.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Elimination in Infants and Children During Anaesthesia and Surgery

Lindahl

1989

British Journal of Anaesthesia

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Pediatric Intraoperative and Postoperative Management

Cohen¹,

Motoyama²

2006

Smith's Anesthesia for Infants and Children

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A New Axillary Approach for Continuous Brachial Plexus Block. A Clinical and Anatomic Study

Pham-Dang

Meunier

Poirier

et al. 1995

Anesthesia & Analgesia

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Catheter insertion in the neurovascular space by axillary approach allows a continuous brachial plexus block and/or postoperative analgesia. We developed a perivenous technique whereby the approach to the neurovascular sheath is guided under fluoroscopy by a preopacified axillary vein. A randomized study compared this technique to the technique of Selander in ASA grade I-II patients scheduled for surgery or painful physiotherapy of the hand. The study was performed in 36 patients randomly divided into two groups. In Group 1 (n = 18), the catheter was placed according to the technique described by Selander. In Group 2 (n = 18), the catheter was placed using our perivenous technique. A complete block was obtained in all the patients of Group 2 vs only 50% of the patients in Group 1 (P < 0.05). In Group 1 a partial block was observed in 17%, with failure in 33% of the patients. There was no difference in the two groups regarding the time required to perform either technique, the duration of the complete block, the pain score, or the amount of continuously administrated bupivacaine during the first 48 h postoperatively. The plasma concentrations of total bupivacaine (high-performance liquid chromatography) were low in successful blocks, with no differences in the two groups; the median value was 0.68 microgram/mL (95% confidence interval: 0.62-0.89). The concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) in failed blocks; the median value was 1.69 micrograms/mL (95% confidence interval: 0.58-2.8). A complementary anatomic study of three arms from fresh cadavers allowed verification of the correct localization of the Teflon cannula and flexible catheter, as well as homogeneous diffusion of the methylene blue inside the brachial plexus. The perivenous technique for continuous axillary brachial plexus block may improve the success rate due to its radiologic and accurate location of the neurovascular sheath.

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End-Tidal Pco2 Monitoring in Infants and Children During Ventilation With the Air-Shields Ventimeter Ventilator

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Elimination in Infants and Children During Anaesthesia and Surgery

Oxygen Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Elimination in Infants and Children During Anaesthesia and Surgery

Pediatric Intraoperative and Postoperative Management

A New Axillary Approach for Continuous Brachial Plexus Block. A Clinical and Anatomic Study

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