Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt

Bard, Kathryn A.

doi:10.4324/9780203982839

Cited by 53 publications

(64 citation statements)

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“…In addition to the building craft, pyramid builders were most likely involved in many other activities. To carry heavy weight rocks and blocks, pyramid builders might have used some mechanical systems (Bard, 2005(Bard, , 2015Grimal & Shaw, 1992;Kemp, 2007;Redford, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This group was recovered by the Hearst expedition (1902–1945). Thus, although workers were excavated by the National Research Centre and Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities directed by Z. Hawass (1989–1992) from the Giza Southeast Cemetery that is located southeast of the Sphinx, archaeological evidences suggest that these two classes (i.e., workers and high officials) were involved in the construction of the Great Pyramids, and thus, they are referred to as the “pyramid builders” (Bard, ; Edwards, ; Redford, ). Although skeletons were not always complete, they were in an acceptable state of preservation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Entheseal changes in ancient Egyptians from the pyramid builders of Giza—Old Kingdom

Refai

2019

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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Entheseal changes are distinct skeletal markings that occur where a muscle, tendon, or ligament inserts into bone cortex, in response to many factors including physical activity. Therefore, entheseal changes have been frequently used to reconstruct habitual life activities of ancient populations. The present study examines a sample of 195 ancient Egyptians from Giza—Old Kingdom (2700–2190 BC), the period of pyramid builders. The material consists of two burials that were identified as belonging to individuals of different socio‐economic classes: workers and high officials. This distinction between the socio‐economic classes is based on evidence including location and design of cemeteries, contents of goods, and writings and drawings on tombs. Entheseal changes at 14 sites, representing the main articulations of the body, were examined to assess any association between entheseal expression and physical activities. The results of this study suggest that the frequency and severity of entheseal changes varied between workers and high officials, and between males and females. As expected, males exhibited higher levels of entheseal expression, suggesting sexual dimorphism in activity. No clear bilateral asymmetry was observed, except for in female high officials, who exhibited higher levels of entheseal expression at the right hand. A direct comparison of frequencies of entheseal changes between the two social classes, by sex and age, revealed that male and female workers had higher levels of entheseal expression than high officials, suggesting a division in labour. Together, these data suggest that entheseal changes can be used, cautiously, to study activity patterns in ancient Egyptian populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entheseal changes in ancient Egyptians from the pyramid builders of Giza—Old Kingdom

Refai

2019

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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“…It is situated at the junction of two old caravan routes in the Western Desert (Bard & Shubert 1999). Records refer to Balat as early as the sixteenth centuries (Maqrīzī 1898).…”

Section: Presentation Of the Two Cases 1mayor Courtyard House Balatmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of human aspects in acclimatization of adobe vernacular architecture: A case from Denmark and Egypt

Dabaieh¹,

Eybye²

2016

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Today's architecture swarms with concepts of energy and resource efficient buildings. In contrast, vernacular buildings are characterized by low-tech climatic responsive strategies and by their inhabitants' resource and energy savings practices during construction and operation of their dwellings. That makes vernacular buildings highly relevant to resource efficiency in contemporary building research. The main focus of this study is to explore and analyse human behaviour to reach responsive and conscious resource efficient solutions in two different climatic context; in Egypt and Denmark. The aim is to suggest sustainable principles out of human conduct for contemporary resource efficient building practice. Though Danish and Egyptian climates and cultures are very different from each other some human approaches to sustainability appeared to be similar. That was evident through a comparative analytical study applying case-study methodology for two courtyard adobe dwellings; one in each country. The paper contributes to existing vernacular sustainable building studies by filling a knowledge gap on how human factors is a key parameter in acclimatization in buildings and how that can influence resource efficient building practice.

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“…Few ancient mud bricks survived, but of those that did, some can be dated because they were frequently stamped with the cartouche of the reigning monarch [3]. Given the scarcity of fuel, the Egyptians rarely used burned bricks [4].…”

Section: Mudmentioning

confidence: 99%