Encyclopedia of fecal microbiota transplantation: a review of effectiveness in the treatment of 85 diseases

Abstract

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used as a core therapy for treating dysbiosis-related diseases by remodeling gut microbiota. The methodology and technology for improving FMT are stepping forward, mainly including washed microbiota transplantation (WMT), colonic transendoscopic enteral tubing (TET) for microbiota delivery, and purified Firmicutes spores from fecal matter. To improve the understanding of the clinical applications of FMT, we performed a systematic literature review on FMT published from 2011 to 2021. Here, we provided an overview of the reported clinical benefits of FMT, the methodology of processing FMT, the strategy of using FMT, and the regulations on FMT from a global perspective. A total of 782 studies were included for the final analysis. The present review profiled the effectiveness from all clinical FMT uses in 85 specific diseases as eight categories, including infections, gut diseases, microbiota–gut–liver axis, microbiota–gut–brain axis, metabolic diseases, oncology, hematological diseases, and other diseases. Although many further controlled trials will be needed, the dramatic increasing reports have shown the promising future of FMT for dysbiosis-related diseases in the gut or beyond the gut.

Liver-Gut-Interaction: Role of Microbiome Transplantation in the Future Treatment of Metabolic Disease

“…Until now, the only routine medical application was treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. But also, many non-infectious diseases have been extensively studied, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, the microbiota-gut-liver axis, the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and oncologic and hematological diseases [ 11 , 12 ]. The first indication of efficacy for FMT in human metabolic diseases was published in 2012, where in a pilot study in the Netherlands, in nine male adults with metabolic syndrome who received FMT from a lean donor, insulin resistance was improved, whereas no changes were observed in nine controls who received autologous FMT [ 8 ].…”

Selected Aspects of the Intricate Background of Immune-Related Cholangiopathies—A Critical Overview

“…Over the past decade, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has gained growing attention due to its efficacy in gut microflora reconstruction, especially in patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) [ 237 , 238 ]. Moreover, FMT has been reported as a relatively safe, well-tolerated, and successful treatment for various disorders other than CDI, with evidence in active UC being the most compelling [ 239 ].…”

Research progress on the relationship between intestinal flora and liver cirrhosis

“…Recently, FMT's application to liver cirrhosis has been studied in detail. A thorough investigation and meta-analysis published in the Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology in 2020 analyzed the results of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 515 patients with cirrhosis [17]. The analysis found that FMT significantly improved the liver function, decreased the risk of hepatic encephalopathy, and reduced the incidence of bacterial infections compared to conventional treatment.…”