Encounters between cluster theory, policy and practice in Norway: Hubbing, blending and conceptual stretching

Abstract

For more than two decades, cluster theory has served as a basis for widespread implementation of regional development policies in several countries. However, there are still persistent struggles in academia towards agreement on clear operational definitions of a cluster. In this article, we argue that this definitional haziness, reflected by difficulties in demarcating the scale and scope of clusters, leads to a stretching of the cluster concept when put into practice. We show how actors, through cluster projects, are utilizing strategies of “hubbing” and/or “blending” to develop their own understandings of both what clusters are and what they might or should be. Through studies of three Norwegian cluster projects, we argue that national cluster policies, through translation of an academically vague concept, facilitate a stretching of the original definition of clusters, giving regional stakeholders leeway to integrate other theoretical rationales instead. We argue that this is not taken into account in current policies.

New path development between innovation systems and individual actors

“…Traditionally, public cluster programmes in Norway and other Western countries have emphasized that clusters should be regional and specialized (Fløysand et al, 2012;Isaksen, 2009;Njøs, Jakobsen, Aslesen, & Fløysand, 2016;Sölvell et al, 2003). In addition, there has been a strong focus on strengthening external cluster linkages, and a consensus that external links are crucial for cluster evolution and growth.…”

The Industry 4.0 Induced Agility and New Skills in Clusters

“…• Useful instruments in regional and development policy that epitomize coopetition, create synergies, foster innovativeness and competitiveness [Njøs et al, 2016] • Hybrid forms of long-term contracting and reciprocal trading [Maskell, Lorenzen, 2003] Attractive features [Porter, 2000;Ketels, 2004;Brodzicki, 2005;Götz, 2009] • Superior competitiveness and innovativeness • Conducive knowledge environment stimulating learning • Pecuniary agglomeration economies enhancing effectiveness thus improving profitability • Institutional setting possibly reducing uncertainty and transaction costs Source: compiled by the author using the mentioned works.…”

Arctic Business Analysis: PPPs and Business Cooperation

“…11 For more than two decades, clusters have been used to implement regional development policies in several countries. 12 Cluster policies exist in many of the Nordic Arctic countries, but many of them face the same challenge: a national cluster strategy that still caters to local scenarios.…”