Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Mbaiwa, Joseph E.

doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005

Cited by 272 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The majority of the local employees employed in the lodges and tour operators are employed as cleaners, room maids, grounds men, security guards and porters (55%), chefs, waiters, guides, cultural dancers and drivers (40%), supervisors (10%) and middle to top management (5%). This concurs with Mbaiwa (2005)'s findings in the Okavango Delta where he found out that in the Okavango Delta, the jobs occupied by local people in the tourism sector are menial lowly paid jobs. The low level jobs held by the local people are congruent to their lower levels of education.…”

Section: Level Of Involvement In Pro-poor Tourismsupporting

confidence: 88%

Is Tourism in Zimbabwe Developing with the Poor in Mind? Assessing the Pro-poor Involvement of Tourism Operators Located Near Rural Areas in Zimbabwe

Mutana¹,

Chipfuva²,

Muchenje³

2013

ASS

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The paper explores the contribution of tourism industry operators to pro-poor tourism development in Zimbabwe. This research investigates a possible nexus between the aforementioned tourism growth and its potential for poverty reduction in communities surrounding Victoria Falls and Hwange. The researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with tourism industry businesses that exhibited their products and services at the International Travel Expo held on the 18 th-21 st of October 2012 at the Harare International Conference Centre in Zimbabwe. Findings indicate that the tourism industry is keen to engage in pro-poor tourism initiatives for the rural people despite the political and economic turmoil that the industry has suffered over the past years. In Zimbabwe, 80% of the population resides in rural areas and a sizable fraction of these are near National Parks and Tourism Resorts, for example, Hwange National Park, the biggest Park in Zimbabwe and Victoria Falls, respectively. The findings point to the fact that tourism operators appreciate the need to incorporate pro-poor initiatives in their operations as evidenced by their commitment towards education funding initiatives, employment of the poor and generation of income from village tours. However more could be done to enhance the pro-poor tourism benefits that accrue to the rural poor by establishing close linkages between tourism operators and local communities.

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Section: Level Of Involvement In Pro-poor Tourismsupporting

confidence: 88%

Is Tourism in Zimbabwe Developing with the Poor in Mind? Assessing the Pro-poor Involvement of Tourism Operators Located Near Rural Areas in Zimbabwe

Mutana¹,

Chipfuva²,

Muchenje³

2013

ASS

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“…The tourism industry around Kaziranga has not been able to adequately utilize the potential of local communities as supporters of conservation, leaving them with minimal and indirect benefits of tourism due to enclave tourism (Mbaiwa, 2005) resulting from negligible interactions between the local population and tourists. The products produced by the local people rarely enter the tourist markets, providing little scope for improved well-being of local populations from tourism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The products produced by the local people rarely enter the tourist markets, providing little scope for improved well-being of local populations from tourism. The high leakages of tourism revenue are reflected in the inability of the community to garner the benefits of tourism (Lindberg et al, 1996;Walpole & Goodwin, 2000;Mbaiwa, 2005;Lacher & Nepal, 2010) resulting from a lack of local involvement, and local communities' own lack of expertise, and infrastructure to support tourism (Lindberg, 1998;Lacher & Nepal, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Group discussions with the key informants from the National Park management staff, villagers and infrastructure owners provided information on flow of resources and leakages in economic activities (Kinhill Economics, 1998). Primary data on tourism linked livelihood strategies were collected using pre-designed questionnaires and group discussions with the key informants following methods recommended by Mbaiwa (2005), Badola et al, (2010) and Rastogi et al, (2010). This was aimed at capturing the direct and indirect contribution of tourism to the income of local residents.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An analysis of livelihood linkages of tourism in Kaziranga National Park, a Natural World Heritage Site in India

Hussain¹,

Barthwal²,

Badola³

et al. 2012

PARKS

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We evaluated the livelihood linkages of existing tourism practices in Kaziranga National Park, a World Heritage site located in Assam, India. The main objective of the study was to assess the contribution of tourism to local livelihoods and suggest ways to strengthen these linkages. Focus group discussions and interviews of tourism service providers were carried out to identify their share of tourism income. A survey of tourists was conducted to examine the amount spent by visitors while visiting the park. The primary data was supplemented by secondary information obtained from the park office, service providers and records of village self-help groups. In 2006-2007, the total amount of money that flowed through the tourism sector in Kaziranga National Park was estimated to be US$ 5 million per annum, of which different stakeholders (excluding government) received US$ 3.27 million per annum. The balance of income flowed as leakage for purchase of supplies and logistic support outside the tourism zone. The financial benefits to local stakeholders may increase if the leakages could be prevented through planned interventions such as proper marketing of products from cottage industries and strengthening of local level institutions. In addition to wildlife viewing, promotion of nature trails and package tours may be encouraged in the buffer zones and adjoining forests areas to enhance tourist visitation to un-tapped sites that could provide additional livelihood options to local communities.

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“…Daily business of protected area administration includes to a great extent the enforcement of laws and regulations that often shift traditional socio-economic relationships (Mbaiwa 2005;Liu et al 2010). Unfortunately, socio-economic relationships are not always recognized by protected area managers due to the lack of local knowledge, attention, and understanding (Hill 2004;McElwee 2010).…”

Section: Evolution Of the Negative Attitude Of Stakeholders Arising Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compensation Payments for Downsides Generated by Protected Areas

Pechacek

Guo

et al. 2012

AMBIO

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Protected areas are powerful instruments to tackle the biodiversity crises. However, local communities believe that protected areas generate downsides for which they should be compensated. We reviewed (1) problem evolution, (2) the idea of compensation schemes, and (3) practical considerations. We found that compensations for conservation-related losses are insufficiently considered when protected areas are established. Schemes include controversial resettlements of human populations, traditional reimbursements, and recently favored incentive payments to encourage local communities to conserve biodiversity on their lands. The compensation process is typically composed of the verification of losses/facts, estimation of costs, and delivery of payments. Compensation schemes promote tolerance and awareness, and responsibility of the broader society while minimizing confrontations. They have the power to mainstream concern about human welfare in protected area management, and are therefore a key to successful conservation. Verifying the impact of compensations on achievement of conservation goals remains, however, difficult to prove.

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Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Cited by 272 publications

References 12 publications

Is Tourism in Zimbabwe Developing with the Poor in Mind? Assessing the Pro-poor Involvement of Tourism Operators Located Near Rural Areas in Zimbabwe

Is Tourism in Zimbabwe Developing with the Poor in Mind? Assessing the Pro-poor Involvement of Tourism Operators Located Near Rural Areas in Zimbabwe

An analysis of livelihood linkages of tourism in Kaziranga National Park, a Natural World Heritage Site in India

Compensation Payments for Downsides Generated by Protected Areas

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