Encephalopathy of Prematurity Includes Neuronal Abnormalities

Volpe, Joseph J.

doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0191

Cited by 160 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…42 The diffuse lesion may also involve the subplate zone and disturb the formation of cortical connections. 15,16,27 On the other hand, the periventricular lesion may be more restricted (focal) and selectively affect a topographically condensed periventricular crossroad of mixed motor, sensory, and associative pathways. 3 The combination of both diffuse and focal lesions may then explain the variability of cognitive outcome after perinatal lesions of central cortical conducting pathways.…”

Section: Comparison Of Mri and Histological Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Neuronal differentiation and synaptogenesis begin in the transient subplate zone 5 and continue in the cortical plate. 1,5 Recent research in animal experiments has elucidated several genetic, molecular, and cellular aspects of neurogenetic which contains growing axonal pathways and oligodendrocyte progenitors 13,14 ) and vulnerable neurons of the adjacent subplate zone, 15,16 it is necessary to delineate precisely the topography and radial extent of these zones within the developing cerebral wall. Therefore, in this paper we review the structural and functional substrate of the development of cerebral connections within the framework of transient fetal zones as revealed by MRI.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prolonged coexistence of transient and permanent circuitry elements in the developing cerebral cortex of fetuses and preterm infants

Kostović

Judaš

2006

Develop Med Child Neuro

136

117

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The aim of this paper is to evaluate correlative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological parameters of development of cortical afferents during pathfinding and target selection in transient fetal cerebral laminas in human fetuses and preterm infants. The transient fetal subplate zone, situated between the fetal white matter (i.e. intermediate zone) and the cortical plate, is the crucial laminar compartment for development of thalamocortical and corticocortical afferents. The prolonged coexistence of transient (endogenously active) and permanent (sensorydriven) circuitry within the transient fetal zones is a salient feature of the fetal and preterm cortex; this transient circuitry is the substrate of cerebral functions in preterm infants. Another transient aspect of organization of developing fibre pathways is the abundance of extracellular matrix and guidance molecules in periventricular crossroads of projection and corticocortical pathways. Both the subplate zone and periventricular crossroads are visible on MRI in vivo and in vitro. Hypoxic-ischaemic lesions of periventricular crossroads are the substrate for motor, sensory, and cognitive deficits after focal periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Lesions of distal portions of the white matter and the subplate zone are the substrate for diffuse PVL. The neuronal elements in transient fetal zones form a developmental potential for plasticity after perinatal cerebral lesions.Our understanding and interpretation of structural and functional consequences of cerebral lesions in human fetuses and preterm infants largely depends on knowledge of neurogenetic cellular events that can be demonstrated by in vivo neuroimaging. A necessary step in this approach is the correlation between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological organization during different phases of histogenesis. Namely, in the fetal cerebrum, early neurogenetic cellular events (i.e. proliferation, migration, aggregation, cell death, growth of axons, and the establishment of neuronal connections) proceed according to the specific timetable within transient, histologically recognizable fetal zones which do not have an equivalent in the adult brain. 1 During the last third of gestation, neuronal proliferation and migration are mostly completed 1 whereas the development of axonal pathways 2,3 and the differentiation of cortical neurons 4 become the most prominent neurogenetic events. Synaptogenesis continues as the dominant neurogenetic event during postnatal life. In addition to precise timing, these neurogenetic events also display a characteristic spatial occurrence: neuronal proliferation occurs in the ventricular and subventricular zones, whereas neuronal migration and growth of axons occur predominantly in the intermediate zone (the fetal white matter) and the subplate zone, which is situated between the intermediate zone and the cortical plate. 1 Neuronal differentiation and synaptogenesis begin in the transient subplate zone 5 and continue in the cortical plate. 1,5 Recent research in...

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Section: Comparison Of Mri and Histological Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolonged coexistence of transient and permanent circuitry elements in the developing cerebral cortex of fetuses and preterm infants

Kostović

Judaš

2006

Develop Med Child Neuro

136

117

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“…Microglia are the innate immune cells of the brain and their activation enables neuroinflammation and modulates excitotoxicity and free radical injury. Together with direct effects on developing brain circuitry and oligodendrocytes, the primary result is cell death and diffuse encephalopathy involving profound gray and white matter injury (287)(288)(289)(290). Indeed, numerous studies confirm decreased microstructure in the corpus callosum, cingulum, internal capsule, external capsule and cerebellum.…”

Section: The Unifying Effects Of Maternal-placental-fetal Axis Dysregmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Unifying Effects of Maternal-Placental-Fetal Axis Dysregulation on Neurodevelopment Following Infectious and Toxic In Utero Insults

Yellowhair¹,

Oppong²,

Maxwell³

et al. 2017

MRAJ

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Homeostasis during pregnancy and in the in utero environment is essential for prenatal development. Prenatal maturation is hallmarked by an orchestrated and rigorous developmental program characterized by critical cascades in multiple organ systems. During these critical periods of development, however, potential vulnerability to injury exists throughout pregnancy. Indeed, the developing central nervous system (CNS) is extremely vulnerable to environmental insults throughout the entirety of gestation. These insults can adversely affect the developing brain and spinal cord, and permanently alter the neurodevelopmental trajectory. Specifically, in utero insults and dysregulation of the maternal-placentalfetal axis can change molecular, cellular, structural, and functional development of the CNS, culminating in adverse outcomes and neurological disorders throughout postnatal life. In this review, we will discuss common infectious and toxin-induced in utero insults that have recently garnered attention, including Zika virus, prenatal opioid and alcohol exposure, and chorioamnionitis. The goals are to identify common pathophysiological mechanisms, to emphasize the urgent need for new diagnostic tools, and to promote a broader understanding of the diverse array of neurological outcomes presenting in these children throughout their lifespan. With an increasing number of infants exposed to in utero infections and toxins, and the expanding public health awareness of the consequences of Zika infection, the opioid crisis, alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and the frequency of preterm birth in the United States, familiarity with the underlying mechanisms of each of these insults is paramount to improve the diagnosis and treatment for this exceedingly vulnerable patient population.

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“…24 In this period both axons and neurons of the subplate zone may display a selective vulnerability, and that vulnerability in turn may exert a strong effect be on cognitive neurodevelopmental outcome after perinatal lesions. 27,28 The most frequent «abnormal» finding in preterm infants, observed in more than 50% of cases, is so-called DEHSI. 29 With respect to its spatial distribution within the fetal cerebral wall, that type of MRI signal abnormality almost certainly involves a portion of the subplate zone.…”

Section: Late Fetal and Early Preterm Period: The Coexistence Of Tranmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 On the other hand, lesions of the subplate zone which are frequently seen in preterm infants [27][28][29]72 play an essential role in studying cognitive outcome after perinatal hypoxic-ischemic lesions. Modern tractography 17,70,71,73 offers a unique opportunity to study significance of individual cortical connections and their structural reorganization.…”

Section: The Role Of Neuroimagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maturation of Cerebral Connections and Fetal Behavior

Kostović¹,

Judaš²

2008

Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

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Modern imaging methods enabled systematic studies of fetal behaviour as well as a continuation of that behaviour in prematurely born infants (for a review, see 1-4). The following question represents a great challenge for human developmental neurobiologist: what is the neurobiological basis of various behavioural patterns observed in human fetuses and preterm infants?2 First of all, it is essential to determine whether there is an early spontaneous (nonsensory-driven) activity and to what extent the cerebrum and the cerebral cortex may be involved. In addition, it is necessary to describe for each successive phase, the developmental status of neuronal circuitry and synaptic organization.In this review, we present evidence on the development of cortical connections during different phases of fetal development and evaluate a possible functional significance of cerebral involvement.

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Encephalopathy of Prematurity Includes Neuronal Abnormalities

Cited by 160 publications

References 61 publications

Prolonged coexistence of transient and permanent circuitry elements in the developing cerebral cortex of fetuses and preterm infants

Prolonged coexistence of transient and permanent circuitry elements in the developing cerebral cortex of fetuses and preterm infants

The Unifying Effects of Maternal-Placental-Fetal Axis Dysregulation on Neurodevelopment Following Infectious and Toxic In Utero Insults

Maturation of Cerebral Connections and Fetal Behavior

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