Encephalomalacia in first-week chicks

Randall, CJ; Wood, AM; MacKenzie, G

doi:10.1136/vr.132.16.419-a

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…In poultry, enterococcal species may change over time in the chicken gut and enterococcal infections in poultry can be caused by any of the species that are commonly found in the intestines of the birds; although infections in poultry are sporadic, they can be lethal. Pulmonary hypertension syndrome, amyloid athropathy, bacteremia, encephalomalacia, neurological disorders, and endocarditis have all been described in poultry associated with infection by E. faecalis , E. durans , and E. hirae (Randall et al, 1993; McNamee and King, 1996; Tankson et al, 2001; Steentjes et al, 2002). In dairy cattle, enterococci are primarily associated with bovine mastitis although enterococcal-induced diarrhea in calves has also been reported (Rogers et al, 1992; Madsen et al, 2000).…”

Section: Enterococcus Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance identified in Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Enteroccocus spp. isolated from U.S. food animals

2013

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The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AR) in bacteria isolated from U.S. food animals has increased over the last several decades as have concerns of AR foodborne zoonotic human infections. Resistance mechanisms identified in U.S. animal isolates of Salmonella enterica included resistance to aminoglycosides (e.g., alleles of aacC, aadA, aadB, ant, aphA, and StrAB), β-lactams (e.g., blaCMY−2, TEM−1, PSE−1), chloramphenicol (e.g., floR, cmlA, cat1, cat2), folate pathway inhibitors (e.g., alleles of sul and dfr), and tetracycline [e.g., alleles of tet(A), (B), (C), (D), (G), and tetR]. In the U.S., multi-drug resistance (MDR) mechanisms in Salmonella animal isolates were associated with integrons, or mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as IncA/C plasmids which can be transferred among bacteria. It is thought that AR Salmonella originates in food animals and is transmitted through food to humans. However, some AR Salmonella isolated from humans in the U.S. have different AR elements than those isolated from food animals, suggesting a different etiology for some AR human infections. The AR mechanisms identified in isolates from outside the U.S. are also predominantly different. For example the extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are found in human and animal isolates globally; however, in the U.S., ESBLs thus far have only been found in human and not food animal isolates. Commensal bacteria in animals including Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. may be reservoirs for AR mechanisms. Many of the AR genes and MGEs found in E. coli isolated from U.S. animals are similar to those found in Salmonella. Enterococcus spp. isolated from animals frequently carry MGEs with AR genes, including resistances to aminoglycosides (e.g., alleles of aac, ant, and aph), macrolides [e.g., erm(A), erm(B), and msrC], and tetracyclines [e.g., tet(K), (L), (M), (O), (S)]. Continuing investigations are required to help understand and mitigate the impact of AR bacteria on human and animal health.

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Section: Enterococcus Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance identified in Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Enteroccocus spp. isolated from U.S. food animals

2013

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“…Enterococcus faecalis was the causative agent of pulmonary hypertension syndrome and amyloid arthropathy in broilers, and Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus hirae have been implicated in bacteremia, encephalomalacia, neurological disorders and endocarditis in chickens (Randall et al . ; McNamee and King ; Tankson et al . ; Steentjes et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance, virulence determinants and genetic profiles of clinical and nonclinical E nterococcus cecorum from poultry

Jackson

Kariyawasam²,

Borst

et al. 2015

Lett Appl Microbiol

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Enterococcus cecorum has been implicated as a possible cause of disease in poultry. However, the characteristics that contribute to pathogenesis of Ent. cecorum in poultry have not been defined. In this study, Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates (n = 75) and diseased broilers and broiler breeders (n = 30) were compared based upon antimicrobial resistance phenotype, the presence of virulence determinants and genetic relatedness using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Of the 16 antimicrobials tested, Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates and clinical cases were resistant to ten and six of the antimicrobials, respectively. The majority of Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates was resistant to lincomycin (54/75; 72%) and tetracycline (46/75; 61.3%) while the highest level of resistance among clinical Ent. cecorum was to tetracycline (22/30; 73.3%) and erythromycin (11/30; 36.7%). Multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥2 antimicrobials) was identified in Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates (53/75; 70.7%) and diseased poultry (18/30; 60%). Of the virulence determinants tested, efaAfm was present in almost all of the isolates (104/105; 99%). Using PFGE, the majority of clinical isolates clustered together; however, a few clinical isolates grouped with Ent. cecorum from carcass rinsates. These data suggest that distinguishing the two groups of isolates is difficult based upon the characterization criteria used.

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“…E. durans infection in young chickens has been associated with bacteraemia and encephalomalacia (Cardona et al, 1993). Another enterococcus associated with brain lesions (focal necrosis) in the young chicks is Enterococcus hirae (Devriese et al, 1991a;Randall et al, 1993). E. hirae has also been found in cases of endocarditis in broilers (McNamee & King, 1996;Velkers et al, 2011) and diarrhoea in 1-day-old to 7-day-old layer chicks (Kondo et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococcus cecoruminfections in broiler breeders and their offspring: molecular epidemiology

Kense

Landman

2011

Avian Pathology

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Increased mortality and problems with lameness were reported in Dutch broiler flocks from the year 2008 onwards. Therefore, a field inventory, including 10 affected broiler flocks, nine corresponding broiler breeder flocks and five hatcheries, was carried out. The onset of clinical signs (lameness and increased mortality) started at about 2 weeks of age. The flock mortality varied from 3.1 to 8.1% at slaughter. Post-mortem lesions of broiler flocks were characterized by the occurrence of pericarditis/hydropericardium, arthritis and femoral head necrosis. Enterococcus cecorum was isolated from approximately 30% of the lesions. In the broiler breeders, E. cecorum was not isolated from any of the lesions. However, it was isolated from 31 out of 65 (47%) cloacal swabs, from two out of 65 (3%) oviduct samples, from one out 65 (1.5%) bone marrow samples and from two out of 25 (8%) blood samples. E. cecorum was not isolated from the air samples or dead-in-shell originating from the hatcheries involved. In total, 78 isolates were subjected to further typing by means of tRNA intergenic spacer PCR and confirmed as E. cecorum. The genetic relatedness of these cocci was subsequently studied using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The banding patterns of approximately 68% of E. cecorum isolates originating from parent stock flocks were clonal to one or more isolates of the same or other parent flocks. In contrast, isolates originating from their diseased offspring showed much greater genetic variation. Therefore, the vertical transmission of E. cecorum could not be demonstrated.

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Encephalomalacia in first-week chicks

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance identified in Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Enteroccocus spp. isolated from U.S. food animals

Genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance identified in Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Enteroccocus spp. isolated from U.S. food animals

Antimicrobial resistance, virulence determinants and genetic profiles of clinical and nonclinical E nterococcus cecorum from poultry

Enterococcus cecoruminfections in broiler breeders and their offspring: molecular epidemiology

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