Encapsulation, Release, and Cytotoxicity of Doxorubicin Loaded in Liposomes, Micelles, and Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Review

Abstract

Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most widely used anthracycline anticancer drugs due to its high efficacy and evident antitumoral activity on several cancer types. However, its effective utilization is hindered by the adverse side effects associated with its administration, the detriment to the patients’ quality of life, and general toxicity to healthy fast-dividing cells. Thus, delivering DOX to the tumor site encapsulated inside nanocarrier-based systems is an area of research that has garnered colossal interest in targeted medicine. Nanoparticles can be used as vehicles for the localized delivery and release of DOX, decreasing the effects on neighboring healthy cells and providing more control over the drug’s release and distribution. This review presents an overview of DOX-based nanocarrier delivery systems, covering loading methods, release rate, and the cytotoxicity of liposomal, micellar, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) platforms.

A glutathione responsive nanocarrier based on viologen resorcinarene cavitand and 1-allylthymine

“…These values are comparable with the values for similar nanocarriers reported in the literature. 42 In the fluorescence spectrum of DOX@ p (MVCA-AlT), a decrease in the intensity of the DOX emission is observed, compared with free DOX, because of quenching effects 43 (Fig. 2(b)).…”

Development of Polymersomes Co-Delivering Doxorubicin and Melittin to Overcome Multidrug Resistance

“…Doxorubicin is commonly used as an anticancer agent. However, it is resisted by cancer cells and has toxic effects on healthy fast-dividing cells [ 22 ]. Melittin, a peptide component of honeybee venom, has a short bloodstream half-life.…”

Conjugation of the 9-kDa Isoform of Granulysin with Liposomes Potentiates Its Cytotoxicity

“…Our previous studies using recombinant TRAIL anchored to the surface of liposomes (LUV-TRAIL) demonstrated that this new formulation was much more potent than soluble TRAIL both in different tumor types both in vitro and in vivo [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Although the liposomes for disease treatment have been extensively used in different diseases, liposomes have also been used as a vehicle to encapsulate drugs [ 28 , 29 , 30 ], or more recently, mRNA in vaccine development [ 31 ]. However, attachment of bioactive compounds on the liposome surface has been a less explored therapeutic strategy.…”