Encapsulation rates of two encyrtid parasitoids by two <i>Phenacoccus</i> spp. of cassava mealybugs in Colombia

Driesche, Roy G. Van; Bellotti, A. C.; López‐Herrera, C. J.; Castillo, José A. García del

doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1986.tb02190.x

Cited by 29 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Complete melanization and death of the larva was at the same low level as reported in a sister mealybug species (Van Driesche et al 1986). In addition, some mealybugs contained cast melanized exuviae from which the parasitoid larva had freed itself as had been observed also in other insects (van den Bosch 1964).…”

Section: Fig 4 Melanization In Cassava Mealybugs Dissected In Salinsupporting

confidence: 77%

ROLE OF UROPHORA CARDUI (L.) (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITS GALL ON STEMS OF CANADA THISTLE

Shorthouse

Lalonde

1988

Can Entomol

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Can. Ent. 120: 63-71 (1988) The encyrtid wasp Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) has been introduced into Africa as a biological control agent against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. This host has a defense reaction against the immature parasitoid that involves encapsulation and melanization. Under laboratory conditions, 37.5% of once-stung cassava mealybugs had been parasitized, as indicated by eggs and larvae of the parasitoid in dissected hosts. Of these parasitized cassava mealybugs, 89.6% contained melanized particles (egg, partially melanized larva, internal host tissues, exoskeleton wound scars). Some of the parasitoid larvae were only partially melanized, and either freed themselves from the melanized capsule or else shed it at the next molt. By the 3rd day of their development only 12.5% were completely melanized. In cassava mealybugs with melanized host tissue but no living parasitoid, the survival of the host was not affected by the melanization. The mealybug itself sometimes shed black particles at the next molt and these were found attached to the cast skins. When superparasitized in the laboratory, 68.6% of twice-stung cassava mealybugs contained parasitoids. Mummies collected from a field experiment showed that melanization rates of mummies increased with increasing parasitization rates. Thus, melanization in the cassava mealybug was commonly triggered when E. lopezi oviposited, but this defense reaction was mostly ineffective, permitting the introduced parasitoid to be a successful biological control agent in Africa against the cassava mealybug, a major pest on this important food crop.

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Section: Fig 4 Melanization In Cassava Mealybugs Dissected In Salinsupporting

confidence: 77%

ROLE OF UROPHORA CARDUI (L.) (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITS GALL ON STEMS OF CANADA THISTLE

Shorthouse

Lalonde

1988

Can Entomol

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“…Generally speaking, variation in rate of encapsulation might be attributed to the species of parasitoid and its ecotype, the host plant, the ambient temperature (Blumberg 1997;, the host species and its ecotype and targeted development stage Chong and Oetting 2007;Driesche et al 1986;Güleç et al 2007), physiological conditions of the host (Blumberg 1990(Blumberg , 1997, as well as the occurrence of superparasitism (Blumberg 1997;Sagarra et al 2000). Laboratory studies assessing the capability of a host mealybug to prevent the development of its parasitoids through encapsulation may be useful for predicting parasitoid potential in the field and/or explaining failures of parasitoid establishment (Blumberg 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encapsulation rates of the parasitoid Anagyrus sp. nr. pseudococci, by three mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

et al. 2011

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Laboratory studies assessing the degree of suitability of the mealybugs Planococcus ficus (Signoret), Planococcus citri (Risso) and Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell), towards the Sicilian ecotype of the encyrtid parasitoid Anagyrus sp. nr. pseudococci were carried out. All three species of mealybugs were shown to encapsulate the eggs of the encyrtid; however, significant differences were revealed among them in rates of encapsulation and/or superparasitism. The level of aggregate encapsulation and effective encapsulation of the parasitoid eggs by P. citri (74.95±0.87 and 60.19±1.70, respectively) was significantly higher than that recorded for P. ficus (aggregate encapsulation = 58.43±0.83 and effective encapsulation = 31.31±1.55) and significantly lower than the values found in Ps. calceolariae (93.99±0.97 and 88.61±2.03, respectively). As such, rates of parasitism were significantly lower for P. ficus compared with both P. citri and Ps. calceolariae. The two latter species of mealybugs showed similar rates of parasitism by A. sp. nr. pseudococci. Moreover, a significantly higher rate of superparasitism was found for Ps. calceolariae compared with both P. citri and P. ficus, whereas no significant differences were found between the two species of Planococcus for this parameter.

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“…This was not caused by the plant species on which the hosts were reared or offered. Van Driesche et al (1986, 1987 found a low acceptance of P. madeirensis by asexual A diversicornis. Higher survival coincided with a larger size of the emerging wasps, both in A diversicornis and in A lopezi.…”

Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

On the coexistence of the cassava mealybug parasitoidsApoanagyrus diversicornisandA. lopezi(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in their native South America

Pijls

Alphen

1996

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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The encyrtid parasitoid Apoanagyrus diversicornis (Howard) (formerly known as Epidinocarsis diversicornis) failed to establish itself in Africa where it was introduced, in addition to A. lopezi De Santis for the biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Apoanagyrus lopezi is a better competitor and available evidence suggests that competition prevents the coexistence. Yet, both parasitoid species were reared from P. manihoti in the same locality in their native South America. Competition should prevent coexistence on P. manihoti in South America as well as in Africa. We investigated how A. diversicornis persists in South America. The use of alternative hosts could explain its persistence. We aimed at finding possible alternative hosts for A. diversicornis that can serve as a refuge from competition with A. lopezi. The existing information on the distribution of A. lopezi and A. diversicornis and their known hosts in South America is reviewed. Candidate alternative hosts for A. diversicornis were selected and tested. Alternative hosts should at least be suitable for development of A. diversicornis and unsuitable for development of A. lopezi. Only Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams met these requirements. Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, P. solani Ferris and Ferrisia uirgata (Cockerell) were unsuitable hosts for both species. In cages with continuous parasitoid populations under strong interspecific competition, A. diversicornis did significantly better if half the population of P. manihoti was replaced by P. herreni. This supports the hypothesis that P. herreni can serve as an alternative host for A. diversicornis in South America and that its presence enhances coexistence of A. diversicornis and A. lopezi. Phenacoccus herreni is absent in Africa.

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Encapsulation rates of two encyrtid parasitoids by two Phenacoccus spp. of cassava mealybugs in Colombia

Cited by 29 publications

References 7 publications

ROLE OF UROPHORA CARDUI (L.) (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITS GALL ON STEMS OF CANADA THISTLE

ROLE OF UROPHORA CARDUI (L.) (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ITS GALL ON STEMS OF CANADA THISTLE

Encapsulation rates of the parasitoid Anagyrus sp. nr. pseudococci, by three mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

On the coexistence of the cassava mealybug parasitoidsApoanagyrus diversicornisandA. lopezi(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in their native South America

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