Encapsulation of Ultrafine Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticles within Multichamber Carbon Spheres by a Two-Step Double-Solvent Strategy for High-Performance Catalysts

Abstract

Carbon-encapsulated metal–organic framework (MOF) composite is one kind of emerging new catalyst with high efficiency and has gained much attention. However, for this kind of composite catalyst, the key to improving its catalytic activity and durability is to realize the effective dispersion of MOF nanoparticles (NPs) and enhance the interaction between MOF NPs and the carbon matrix, which remain a significant challenge. Herein, ultrafine MOF NPs within multichamber carbon spheres (MOF@MCCS), for the first time, have been rationally synthesized by a two-step double-solvent strategy for high-performance catalysts. The precise loading of guest MOFs can be achieved by adjusting the multichamber structure and calcination extent of the multichamber polymer (MCP), and the particle size of MOFs can be as low as 13.2 nm. Due to the formation of abundant carbon defects in the pyrolysis process of MCPs, the special structure and synergistic effect make the material exhibit higher catalytic activity and durability. More importantly, this method is universal and can be extended to different MOF systems. The two-step double-solvent strategy not only prepares a unique structure of MOF@MCCS-type host–guest-encapsulated catalysts but also provides a new idea for the design of high-efficiency catalysts with better performance and higher durability.

Planar Hall Effect Modified by the Evolution of Magnetic Domain States

“…Figure a–c shows TEM images (not full of a monolayer) of monodisperse Ni 0.8 Fe 0.2 alloy clusters prepared at deposition distances ( L ) of 537, 550, and 572 mm, respectively, and the sizes (insets of Figure a–c) were measured statistically by Nanomeasure software . It is shown that the average sizes of the clusters are 4, 5, and 6 nm, respectively.…”

“…In fact, the simulation results are very consistent with the experiment, which will be discussed in detail. 15 It is shown that the average sizes of the clusters are 4, 5, and 6 nm, respectively. The standard deviations of them are as low as 0.5, 0.6, and 1.0 nm, respectively.…”

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbon fuels

“…10(a)) with higher catalytic activity, selectivity, durability, and recyclability by encapsulating ultrafine ZIF-67 NPs in multi-chamber carbon spheres (MCCS). 126 According to the scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images, ZIF-67 NPs are not present on the material surface. The abundant carbon defects formed in the pyrolysis process endow the materials with higher catalytic performance.…”

Metal–organic framework and carbon hybrid nanostructures: Fabrication strategies and electrocatalytic application for the water splitting and oxygen reduction reaction

“…Beside the above vacuum method, the MOF precursor solution is also able to be encapsulated into the pores of the porous carbon material by using the double solvents method (DSM) [154]. For instance, Shen et al used a two-step DSM to introduce MOF precursor solutions into multichambered carbon spheres (MCCS) to form a series of MOF@MCCS composites (Fig.…”