Encapsulation of Pioglitazone into Polymer–Nanoparticles for Potential Treatment of Atherosclerotic Diseases

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is one of the most urgent global health subjects, causes millions of deaths worldwide, and is associated with enormous healthcare costs. Macrophages are the root cause for inflammatory onset and progression of the disease but are not addressed by conventional therapy. Therefore, we used pioglitazone, which is a drug initially used for diabetes therapies, but at the same time has great potential regarding the mitigation of inflammation. As yet, this potential of pioglitazone cannot be exploited, as drug concentrations at the target site in vivo are not sufficient. To overcome this shortcoming, we established PEG–PLA/PLGA-based nanoparticles loaded with pioglitazone and tested them in vitro. Encapsulation of the drug was analyzed by HPLC and revealed an outstanding encapsulation efficiency of 59% into the nanoparticles, which were 85 nm in size and had a PDI of 0.17. Further, uptake of our loaded nanoparticles in THP-1 macrophages was comparable to the uptake of unloaded nanoparticles. On the mRNA level, pioglitazone-loaded nanoparticles were superior to the free drug by 32% in increasing the expression of the targeted receptor PPAR-γ. Thereby the inflammatory response in macrophages was ameliorated. In this study, we take the first step toward an anti-inflammatory, causal antiatherosclerotic therapy, using the potential of the already established drug pioglitazone, and enable it to enrich at the target site by using nanoparticles. An additional crucial feature of our nanoparticle platform is the versatile modifiability of ligands and ligand density, to achieve an optimal active targeting effect in the future.

Toward the Scalable, Rapid, Reproducible, and Cost-Effective Synthesis of Personalized Nanomedicines at the Point of Care

“…The resulting %ee was 14 ± 3% (Figure e and Table S9). This result is similar to the results of other microfluidic syntheses, because the use of DMSO does not offer a “droplet-based” method of drug entrapment, and the dissolved rosiglitazone is not inclined toward encapsulation. , Other studies showed that combining dichloromethane and DMSO increases the level of drug encapsulation, which will be an appropriate target for a future study …”

Novel cutting edge nano‐strategies to address old long‐standing complications in cardiovascular diseases. A comprehensive review

“…Anti‐inflammatory agents, such as pioglitazone, exert their effects by suppressing inflammation within atherosclerotic plaques, helping alleviate plaque instability and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events 12 . Liver X receptor (LXR) agonists such as GW3965, activate LXR receptors, which play a crucial role in regulating cholesterol metabolism and inflammation.…”