Encapsulation of conjugated linoleic acid and ruminant trans fatty acids to study the prevention of metabolic syndrome—a review

Abstract

Studies have reported the potential benefits of consuming conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and ruminant trans fatty acids (R-TFAs) in reducing the risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In addition, encapsulation of CLA and R-TFAs may improve their oral delivery and further decrease the risk factors of MetS. The objectives of this review were (1) to discuss the advantages of encapsulation; (2) to compare the materials and techniques used for encapsulating CLA and R-TFAs; and (3) to review the effects of encapsulated vs non-encapsulated CLA and R-TFAs on MetS risk factors. Examination of papers citing micro- and nano-encapsulation methods used in food sciences, as well as the effects of encapsulated vs non-encapsulated CLA and R-TFAs, was conducted using the PubMed database. A total of 84 papers were examined; of these, 18 studies were selected that contained information on the effects of encapsulated CLA and R-TFAs. The 18 studies that described encapsulation of CLA or R-TFAs indicated that micro- or nano-encapsulation processes stabilized CLA and prevented oxidation. CLA was mainly encapsulated using carbohydrates or proteins. So far, oil-in-water emulsification followed by spray-drying were the frequently used techniques for encapsulation of CLA. Further, 4 studies investigated the effects of encapsulated CLA on MetS risk factors compared with non-encapsulated CLA. A limited number of studies investigated the encapsulation of R-TFAs. The effects of encapsulated CLA or R-TFAs on the risk factors for MetS remain understudied; thus, additional studies comparing the effects of encapsulated and non-encapsulated CLA or R-TFAs are needed.

Conjugated Linolenic Acid (CLnA) vs Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA): A Comprehensive Review of Potential Advantages in Molecular Characteristics, Health Benefits, and Production Techniques

“…However, loading CLnA into β-cyclodextrin and forming CLnA-β-cyclodextrin microemulsion can significantly reduce the degradation of CLnA, with less than 1% degradation after exposure to air for 40 min . The nanoencapsulation of CFAs have great potential in enhancing stability as an emerging technology, and it also brings new physical, chemical, sensory, and nutritional characteristics. , However, such products must undergo a safety risk assessment before entering the market. In addition, the structural modification products based on transesterification structure modification method of alcoholysis and glycolysis such as CFA ethyl ester, monoglyceride, diglyceride, and glycolipid can also improve the stability while improving the properties of CLnA and CLA. ,, Different structured esters have different digestion and absorption pathways as well as energy supply and metabolic states.…”

“…185 The nanoencapsulation of CFAs have great potential in enhancing stability as an emerging technology, and it also brings new physical, chemical, sensory, and nutritional characteristics. 156,186 However, such products must undergo a safety risk assessment before entering the market. In addition, the structural modification products based on transesterification structure modification method of alcoholysis and glycolysis such as CFA ethyl ester, monoglyceride, diglyceride, and glycolipid can also improve the stability while improving the properties of CLnA and CLA.…”

Highly Oxygenated Cyclobutane Ring in Biomolecules: Insights into Structure and Activity

“…The oxidation of linoleic acid has been the subject of research for over 50 years, with numerous reviews summarizing these findings [227][228][229][230][231][232]. Overall, the mechanism of linoleic acid oxidation presents an interesting and plausible scenario, as depicted in Scheme 13.…”