“…Therefore, our result was confirmed that the guva essential oils were encapsulated into the chitosan nanoparticles without inclusion of any chemical reaction. The unchanged structure and role of the chitosan loaded essential oils were indicated that the nanomaterial increased their biological properties ( Yadav et al, 2020 ). Fig.…”
The development of antibiotic resistant in
K. pneumoniae
is an emerging thread worldwide due to the poor antimicrobial drugs. To overcome this issue, researchers are focused on plant material and their essential oils to fight against multi drug resistant bacteria. In this context, the current study was concentrated in medicinal plant of guva leaves and their essential oils to combat multi drug resistant bacterial infections. The essential oils were successfully screened and confirmed by HRLC-MS analysis. The anti-bacterial ability of the compounds were loaded into the chitosan nanoparticles and proved by FT-IR analysis. In addition, the chitosan loaded essential oils morphology was compared with chitosan alone in SEM analysis and suggested that the material was loaded successfully. Further, the anti-bacterial ability of the chitosan loaded essential oils were primarily confirmed by agar well diffusion method. At the 100 µg/mL of lowest concentration of chitosan loaded essential oils, the multi-drug resistant
K. pneumoniae
was inhibited with 96% and confirmed by minimum inhibition concentration experiment. Hence, all the experiments were proved that the essential oils were successfully loaded into the chitosan nanoparticles, and it has more anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug resistant
K. pneumoniae.
“…Therefore, our result was confirmed that the guva essential oils were encapsulated into the chitosan nanoparticles without inclusion of any chemical reaction. The unchanged structure and role of the chitosan loaded essential oils were indicated that the nanomaterial increased their biological properties ( Yadav et al, 2020 ). Fig.…”
The development of antibiotic resistant in
K. pneumoniae
is an emerging thread worldwide due to the poor antimicrobial drugs. To overcome this issue, researchers are focused on plant material and their essential oils to fight against multi drug resistant bacteria. In this context, the current study was concentrated in medicinal plant of guva leaves and their essential oils to combat multi drug resistant bacterial infections. The essential oils were successfully screened and confirmed by HRLC-MS analysis. The anti-bacterial ability of the compounds were loaded into the chitosan nanoparticles and proved by FT-IR analysis. In addition, the chitosan loaded essential oils morphology was compared with chitosan alone in SEM analysis and suggested that the material was loaded successfully. Further, the anti-bacterial ability of the chitosan loaded essential oils were primarily confirmed by agar well diffusion method. At the 100 µg/mL of lowest concentration of chitosan loaded essential oils, the multi-drug resistant
K. pneumoniae
was inhibited with 96% and confirmed by minimum inhibition concentration experiment. Hence, all the experiments were proved that the essential oils were successfully loaded into the chitosan nanoparticles, and it has more anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug resistant
K. pneumoniae.
“…It has gained a great deal of attention in last few years as an encapsulation wall material because of some of its properties such as being insecticidal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and having film-forming properties [ 217 , 218 , 219 , 220 ]. Therefore, chitosan has been used to encapsulate EOs such as clove [ 221 ], Cuminum cyminum [ 215 ], Bunium persicum [ 222 ], and Foeniculum vulgare [ 217 ]. Singh et al [ 211 ] found that while chitosan-encapsulated Ocimum sanctum EO inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B 1 secretion at 60 and 20 μL/L, respectively, unencapsulated EO had the similar activity at 300 and 200 μL/L.…”
Section: Recent Trends In Essential Oilsmentioning
The interest in using natural antimicrobials instead of chemical preservatives in food products has been increasing in recent years. In regard to this, essential oils—natural and liquid secondary plant metabolites—are gaining importance for their use in the protection of foods, since they are accepted as safe and healthy. Although research studies indicate that the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils (EOs) are more common compared to other biological activities, specific concerns have led scientists to investigate the areas that are still in need of research. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review paper in which antifungal and especially antimycotoxigenic effects are compiled. Further, the low stability of essential oils under environmental conditions such as temperature and light has forced scientists to develop and use recent approaches such as encapsulation, coating, use in edible films, etc. This review provides an overview of the current literature on essential oils mainly on antifungal and antimycotoxigenic but also their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Additionally, the recent applications of EOs including encapsulation, edible coatings, and active packaging are outlined.
“…Chitosan is considered to be a superior carrier agent due to its polysaccharide nature with mucoadhesive, nontoxic, and renewable properties (Yadav et al., 2020 ). The higher the molecular weight of chitosan, the better its mucoadhesion, with an ideal value of approximately 1400 kDa (Dodane & Vilivalam, 1998 ).…”
Section: Types Of Nanodelivery Systems For Eo Deliverymentioning
This review provides a synthesis of the last ten years of research on nanodelivery systems used for the delivery of essential oils (EOs), as well as their potential as a viable alternative to antibiotics in human and veterinary therapy. The use of essential oils alone in therapy is not always possible due to several limitations but nanodelivery systems seem to be able to overcome these issues. The choice of the essential oil, as well as the choice of the nanodelivery system influences the therapeutic efficacy obtained. While several studies on the characterization of EOs exist, this review assesses the characteristics of the nanomaterials used for the delivery of essential oils, as well as impact on the functionality of nanodelivered essential oils, and successful applications. Two classes of delivery systems stand out: polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) including chitosan, cellulose, zein, sodium alginate, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), and lipidic NPs including nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid NPs, nanoemulsions, liposomes, and niosomes. While the advantages and disadvantages of these delivery systems and information on stability, release, and efficacy of the nanodelivered EOs are covered in the literature as presented in this review, essential information, such as the speed of emergence of a potential bacteria resistance to these new systems, or dosages for each type of infection and for each animal species or humans is still missing today. Therefore, more quantitative and
in vivo
studies should be conducted before the adoption of EOs loaded NPs as an alternative to antibiotics, where appropriate.
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