Abstract:In this study, the acute toxicity (72-h EC50 values) of chiral diclofop acid towards rice Xiushui 63 seedlings and its effects on the Hill reaction activities of chloroplasts were determined. Significant differences were observed between the two enantiomers in 72-h EC50 values and in both in vivo and in vitro relative Hill reaction activities. These observations indicate that the enantiomers of diclofop acid pose different toxicities to rice seedlings: the S-enantiomer is more toxic to leaves and the R-enantio… Show more
“…The Hill reaction is known as the first step of photosynthesis, splitting of water to donate two electrons to the reaction center and can be used to evaluate photosynthetic capability (Ye et al 2009). Followed the extraction, the Hill reaction activity (HRA) of isolated chloroplasts under illuminating and dark condition in different concentrations was determined and compared.…”
Section: Chloroplast Extraction and Hill Reaction Activity Of Isolatementioning
The toxic effects of Cu (II) on the freshwater green algae Chlorella vulgaris and its chloroplast were investigated by detecting the responses of photosynthesis and oxidant stress. The results showed that Cu (II) arrested the growth of C. vulgaris and presented in a concentration- and time-dependent trend and the SRichards 2 model fitted the inhibition curve best. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including qP, Y (II), ETR, F v /F m , and F v /F 0, were stimulated at low concentration of Cu (II) but declined at high concentration, indicating the photosystem II (PSII) of C. vulgaris was destroyed by Cu (II). The chloroplasts were extracted, and the Hill reaction activity (HRA) of chloroplast was significantly decreased with the increasing Cu (II) concentration under both illuminating and dark condition, and faster decline speed was observed under dark condition. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were also significantly decreased at high concentration Cu (II), companied with a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. All these results indicated a severe oxidative stress on algal cells occurred as well as the effect on photosynthesis, thus inhibiting the growth of algae, which providing sights to evaluate the phytotoxicity of Cu (II).
“…The Hill reaction is known as the first step of photosynthesis, splitting of water to donate two electrons to the reaction center and can be used to evaluate photosynthetic capability (Ye et al 2009). Followed the extraction, the Hill reaction activity (HRA) of isolated chloroplasts under illuminating and dark condition in different concentrations was determined and compared.…”
Section: Chloroplast Extraction and Hill Reaction Activity Of Isolatementioning
The toxic effects of Cu (II) on the freshwater green algae Chlorella vulgaris and its chloroplast were investigated by detecting the responses of photosynthesis and oxidant stress. The results showed that Cu (II) arrested the growth of C. vulgaris and presented in a concentration- and time-dependent trend and the SRichards 2 model fitted the inhibition curve best. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including qP, Y (II), ETR, F v /F m , and F v /F 0, were stimulated at low concentration of Cu (II) but declined at high concentration, indicating the photosystem II (PSII) of C. vulgaris was destroyed by Cu (II). The chloroplasts were extracted, and the Hill reaction activity (HRA) of chloroplast was significantly decreased with the increasing Cu (II) concentration under both illuminating and dark condition, and faster decline speed was observed under dark condition. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were also significantly decreased at high concentration Cu (II), companied with a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. All these results indicated a severe oxidative stress on algal cells occurred as well as the effect on photosynthesis, thus inhibiting the growth of algae, which providing sights to evaluate the phytotoxicity of Cu (II).
“…The Hill reaction activity was measured according to Ye et al [19]. The reaction activity was calculated as the concentration of photo-reduced Fe(CN) 6 4− per mg chlorophyll per hour.…”
“…11 These studies demonstrated significant enantioselective toxicity of the chiral pesticides to plants. However, such a conclusion was drawn in most of these studies solely based on the different influence of enantiomers on the inhabitation of plant growth, with the exception of the research by Qian et al 11 and Ye et al, 12 which evolved enantioselective effects of enantiomers on antioxidant enzyme activity and the chloroplast Hill reaction. Recently, Liu et al 4 did an excellent review of the research in phytotoxicity of chiral plant growth regulators and chiral herbicides, in which they particularly emphasized the importance of the issues regarding the interactions between chiral compounds and plants.…”
To investigate the enantioselective oxidative damage of the pesticide dichlorprop (DCPP) to maize, young seedlings were exposed to solutions of DCPP enantiomers and racemate at different concentrations. Early root development was more influenced by (R)-DCPP than racemic (rac)-and (S)-DCPP. Inhibition rates of seed germination, seedling biomass, and root and shoot elongation were all in the order of (R)-DCPP > (rac)-DCPP > (S)-DCPP treatments. The antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were significantly upregulated by exposure to lower concentrations of (R)-DCPP than (rac)-and (S)-DCPP. Direct determination of the formation of hydroxyl radical (•OH) with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy indicated that the •OH level in maize roots followed the order of (R)-DCPP > (rac)-DCPP > (S)-DCPP treatments. All of these results provide solicited evidence of the significant enantioselective phytotoxicity of DCPP to maize with a higher toxicity of (R)-DCPP than (S)-and (rac)-DCPP.
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