Enantioselective and Chemoselective Optical Detection of Chiral Organic Compounds without Resorting to Chromatography
Ravi Bhushan
Abstract:Enantiorecognition and resolution are of essential importance in many diverse areas of science. Whenever there arises a need to analyze/investigate enantiomers in different situations chromatography stands up in our minds immediately. Nevertheless, chemoselective and enantioselective recognition/discrimination (without going for separation) constitutes a different perception and requirement. The techniques using chiroptical sensing cause detection based on molecular interactions induced in different manners. E… Show more
“…The development of stereoselective synthetic procedures for amino acid analogs is also intricately tied to the need for reliable and precise methods of chiral analysis [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”
In the exploration of chiral solvating agents (CSAs) for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy designed for the chiral analysis of amino acid derivatives, notable advancements have been made with thiourea–CSAs. 1-TU, derived from 2-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]phenol and benzoyl isothiocyanate, is effective in the enantiodifferentiation of N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl (N-DNB) amino acids. In order to broaden the application of 1-TU for configurational assignment, enantiomerically enriched N-DNB amino acids were analyzed via NMR. A robust correlation was established between the relative position of specific 1H and 13C NMR resonances of the enantiomers in the presence of 1-TU. 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) was selected for the complete solubilization of amino acid substrates. Notably, the para and ortho protons of the N-DNB moiety displayed higher frequency shifts for the (R)-enantiomers as opposed to the (S)-enantiomers. This trend was consistently observed in the 13C NMR spectra for quaternary carbons bonded to NO2 groups. Conversely, an inverse correlation was noted for quaternary carbon resonances of the carboxyl moiety, amide carbonyl, and methine carbon at the chiral center. This observed trend aligns with the interaction mechanism previously reported for the same chiral auxiliary. The configurational correlation can be effectively exploited under conditions of high dilution or, significantly, under sub-stoichiometric conditions.
“…The development of stereoselective synthetic procedures for amino acid analogs is also intricately tied to the need for reliable and precise methods of chiral analysis [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”
In the exploration of chiral solvating agents (CSAs) for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy designed for the chiral analysis of amino acid derivatives, notable advancements have been made with thiourea–CSAs. 1-TU, derived from 2-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]phenol and benzoyl isothiocyanate, is effective in the enantiodifferentiation of N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl (N-DNB) amino acids. In order to broaden the application of 1-TU for configurational assignment, enantiomerically enriched N-DNB amino acids were analyzed via NMR. A robust correlation was established between the relative position of specific 1H and 13C NMR resonances of the enantiomers in the presence of 1-TU. 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) was selected for the complete solubilization of amino acid substrates. Notably, the para and ortho protons of the N-DNB moiety displayed higher frequency shifts for the (R)-enantiomers as opposed to the (S)-enantiomers. This trend was consistently observed in the 13C NMR spectra for quaternary carbons bonded to NO2 groups. Conversely, an inverse correlation was noted for quaternary carbon resonances of the carboxyl moiety, amide carbonyl, and methine carbon at the chiral center. This observed trend aligns with the interaction mechanism previously reported for the same chiral auxiliary. The configurational correlation can be effectively exploited under conditions of high dilution or, significantly, under sub-stoichiometric conditions.
“…Thus, several approaches for enantioselective analysis have recently been proposed. As a few examples, detection with the utilization of host–guest-functionalized interfaces [molecularly imprinted or grafted with homochiral metal–organic frameworks (HMOFs)], the creation and application of intrinsically chiral surfaces, and fluorescence- or phosphorescence-based sensors. − …”
Chiral recognition
and detection of organic compounds represent
an important task in the pharmaceutical, biological, and chemical
industries since the difference between organic isomers strictly determines
their biological activity and medical impact. Common enantioselective
analysis performed with sophisticated equipment requires specially
trained staff and a longer period of time. In this work, we propose
a functional plasmonic fiber for online enantioselective detection
and recognition of small organic molecules–cysteine, tyrosine,
and omeprazole. Two nanothick layers of plasmon-active metals (Au
and Ag) were deposited on the core(s) of a single optical fiber, giving
rise to two plasmon absorption bands, which are well evident in transmitted
light. The metal surface(s) was grafted with homochiral metal–organic
frameworks (HMOFs), with subnanometer chiral pores, which ensured
the enantioselective capture of organic enantiomers from their solution.
The capture of organic moieties by grafted HMOF(s) (l- or d-MOF-6) results in their preconcentration near the plasmon-active
metals, i.e., in the space of plasmonic “evanescent plasmon
wave” excitation. As a result of the local enantiomer capture
and corresponding changes in the shrouding refractive index, the wavelength
shift of the plasmon absorption band(s) position occurs (for one plasmon
absorption band in the case of one enantiomer presence or for both
plasmon absorption bands in the case of an enantiomer mixture). Such
a design of functional double-plasmon-active optical fiber allows
the qualitative and quantitative detection of the enantiomers of small
organic molecules. The proposed enantioselective detection approach
is simple, fast, and based on low-cost equipment.
Many odors, like perfumes, are complex mixtures of chiral and achiral molecules where the cost‐efficient (enantio‐)selective sensing represents a major technical challenge. Here, we present a colorimetric sensor array of surface‐mounted metal‐organic‐framework (SURMOF) films in Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavities. The optical properties of the FP‐SURMOF films with different chiral and achiral structures are affected by the (enantio‐)selective adsorption of the analytes in the SURMOF pores, resulting in different responses to the analyte molecules. The read‐out of the sensor array is performed by the digital camera of a common smartphone, where the RGB values are determined. By analyzing the sensor array data with simple machine learning algorithms, the analytes are discriminated. After demonstrating the enantioselective response for a pair of pure chiral odor molecules, we apply the sensor array to detect and discriminate a large number (16) of common commercial perfumes and eau de toilettes. While our untrained human nose is not able to discriminate all perfumes, the presented colorimetric sensor array can classify all perfumes with great classification accuracy. Moreover, the sensor array was used to identify unlabeled samples correctly. We foresee such an FP‐chiral‐SURMOF‐based sensor array as a powerful approach toward inexpensive selective odors sensing applications.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.