Enamel Remineralization Competence of a Novel Fluoride-Incorporated Bioactive Glass Toothpaste—A Surface Micro-Hardness, Profilometric, and Micro-Computed Tomographic Analysis

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the enamel remineralization efficacy of a novel fluoridated bioactive glass (F-BG) toothpaste compared to a standard fluoride toothpaste. Seventy-two enamel blocks (N = 72) were divided into groups of twenty-four blocks according to the toothpaste exposure—group 1: brushed with distilled water, group 2: brushed with fluoride toothpaste (ColgateTM), and group 3: brushed with F-BG toothpaste (BioMinFTM). Pre-brushing, enamel blocks were demineralized using 6 wt.% citric acid (pH = 2.4). Tooth brushing was performed using a mixture of respective toothpaste and artificial saliva (AS), and each enamel block received 5000 linear strokes. The samples were assessed for surface micro-hardness (to estimate Vickers hardness number, VHN), surface roughness (Ra), and volume loss/gain using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The highest increase in the VHN was noticed for group 3 (117.81) followed by group 2 (61.13), and all the intragroup comparisons were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Demineralization increased the Ra values, and a decrease was observed post-remineralization for all the groups. The maximum Ra decrease was observed for group 3 (−223.2 nm) followed by group 2 (−55.6 nm), and all the intragroup comparisons were again statistically significant (p < 0.05). Micro-CT investigation revealed that the enamel volume decreased after demineralization and increased after remineralization among all groups. The F-BG toothpaste showed greater enamel surface micro-hardness (increased VHN), smoother surface (low roughness), and better volume restoration (remineralization) in comparison to the fluoride toothpaste.

Differences in the Effect of Applying 15% Hydroxyapatite Paste From Goldfish Scales (Cyprinus Carpio) With Casein Phosphopeptide–amorphous Calcium Phosphate (Cpp-Acp) as a Remineralizing Material on Enamel Surface Hardness

“…Based on the Mann-Whitney test, there was a significant difference between each group that was soaked in saliva, the group that was demineralized, the group that was applied CPP-ACP and the group that was given 15% goldfish scale hydroxyapatite paste, which was evidenced by a significance value of p = 0.000 (p<0.05). The variation in surface hardness values in the average sample is thought to be related to the patient's genetics, which affects the thickness of the enamel layer, surface hardness, the age of the patient's teeth, and the duration from extraction to treatment [17]. The thicker the tooth enamel, the higher the surface hardness value.…”

Remineralization effect of three different agents on initial caries and erosive lesions: a micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy analysis

“…Fluoride and CPP-ACP + fluoride exhibited similar results, and CPP-ACP increased the enamel mineral density and decreased the depths of lesions. Farooq et al [42] brushed teeth with fluoride, bioactive glass, and distilled water in their in-vitro study, and revealed that the enamel volume decreased after demineralization and increased after remineralization in all groups according to micro-CT analysis. Similarly, in our study, Sensodyne Promine provided the greatest volume increase.…”

The Effect of Biomimetic Remineralization of Calcium Phosphate Ion Clusters-Treated Enamel Surfaces on Bracket Shear Bond Strength

“…Microhardness was measured using the Vickers hardness number on the buccal surface of all specimens at five random spots using a hardness testing machine (MVK-H1 Akashi, Kanagawa, Japan). [33][34][35] Each specimen was subjected to five indentations and the average hardness value was calculated. The applied load was 100 gf, with a dwell time of 10s.…”