Enabling Technologies and Sustainable Catalysis in Biodiesel Preparation

Bucciol, Fabio; Colia, Mariachiara; Gaudino, Emanuela Calcio; Cravotto, Giancarlo

doi:10.3390/catal10090988

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Moreover, although unexplored for microscale, the use of microwave, ultrasound and coil, for example, could improve the mass transfer (Bucciol et al 2020;Chipurici et al 2019;Thangarasu et al 2020). Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) feedstock consisting of >90% free fatty acid and methanol (1:9 molar ratio) catalyzed by sulfonated glucose (2.5 wt%) was carried out in an oscillation flow microreactor (OFR) (60⸰C, residence time of 50 minutes, and oscillation frequency of 6Hz) resulting in a biodiesel yield of 94% (Kefas et al 2019).…”

Section: Microdevices Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Microreactors the Future of Biodiesel Synthesis?

Welter¹,

Silva²,

Souza³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Microfluidic devices or microdevices refer to systems with a characteristic length in the micrometer range. Systems in this size allow handling small quantities of reagents and samples, with reduced residence time, better control of chemical species concentration, high heat and mass transfers, and high surface/volume ratio. These characteristics led to the application of these microdevices in several areas, such as biological systems, energy, liquid-liquid extraction, food, agricultural sectors, pharmaceuticals, flow chemistry, microreactors, and biodiesel synthesis. Microreactors are devices that have interconnected microchannels, in which small amounts of reagents are manipulated and react for a certain period of time. The traditional characteristics of microreactors are less quantities of reagents and samples, high surface area in relation to volume (10000 m2 m-3), reduction of resistance to heat and mass transfer, reduced reaction times, and narrower residence time distributions. In recent years, several studies have been carried out on biodiesel production in microreactors that explore the influence of operating conditions, mixing and reaction yield, numbering, and especially the microdevices design. Despite all the advantages of microreactors, the literature shows that there are only a few applications on an industrial scale. Two main reasons that hinder the adoption of this technology are the scale-up to a large enough volume to deliver the necessary production capacity and the costs related to industrial manufacturing microreactors. It is often stated that large-scale production of microreactors can be easily achieved by numbering-up. However, researches show that an incredibly high number of microdevices would be needed, which results in a technical unfeasibility and a strong impact on the construction costs of the industrial system. The present review aims to show whether microreactors can replace conventional biodiesel production processes and how this replacement technology could be carried out. The current chapter was divided into the following sections: Introduction, Synthesis and Purification of Biodiesel in Microreactors, Fundamentals of CFD, and Fundamentals of Scale-up. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives are exposed.

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Section: Microdevices Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Microreactors the Future of Biodiesel Synthesis?

Welter¹,

Silva²,

Souza³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The application of US to chemical process intensification is also illustrated by the large-scale multiple transducer sonochemical reactors (operating in continuous mode) that have been developed for biodiesel production from soybean oil via transesterification (Bucciol et al, 2020). Apart from the cost of the oil, the main parameters that influence the attractiveness of this process are energy consumption and the amounts of methanol and catalyst used.…”

Section: Enabling Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process intensification in continuous flow organic synthesis with enabling and hybrid technologies

et al. 2022

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Industrial organic synthesis is time and energy consuming, and generates substantial waste. Traditional conductive heating and mixing in batch reactors is no longer competitive with continuous-flow synthetic methods and enabling technologies that can strongly promote reaction kinetics. These advances lead to faster and simplified downstream processes with easier workup, purification and process scale-up. In the current Industry 4.0 revolution, new advances that are based on cyber-physical systems and artificial intelligence will be able to optimize and invigorate synthetic processes by connecting cascade reactors with continuous in-line monitoring and even predict solutions in case of unforeseen events. Alternative energy sources, such as dielectric and ohmic heating, ultrasound, hydrodynamic cavitation, reactive extruders and plasma have revolutionized standard procedures. So-called hybrid or hyphenated techniques, where the combination of two different energy sources often generates synergistic effects, are also worthy of mention. Herein, we report our consolidated experience of all of these alternative techniques.

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“…15 Other approaches described Rh-NPs supported on both N-doped carbons (achieved from mixtures of phenanthroline and activated carbons) and carbon nanofibers as highly effective catalysts for the conversion of aromatic aldehydes into primary and secondary amines with yields in the range of 90–99%. 16 Moreover, aside from ammonia and amines, a range of nitrogen-containing derivatives with functional groups amenable to reduction have been described as reaction partners. These included nitriles, amides, nitro derivatives, urea, sulfonylhydrazines, azides, methyl carbamates, and isocyanates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%