Enabling conditions to support marine protected area network planning: California's Marine Life Protection Act Initiative as a case study

Fox, Evan; Miller-Henson, Melissa; Ugoretz, John; Weber, Mike; Gleason, Mary; Kirlin, John J.; Caldwell, Meg; Mastrup, Sonke

doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.07.005

Cited by 37 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Twelve publications in the database report on the scholarship and applications of knowledge that helped to inform different aspects of the MLPA process, from early stages to implementation (Table S3). Among these are some documenting the planning process itself (e.g., Fox et al, 2013;Gleason et al, 2013;Gleason et al, 2010). More recent studies refer to the MLPA process and build on the knowledge generated during this process to develop new methods to evaluate and improve the MPA network design.…”

Section: Development Implementation and Impact Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Future improvements should include enriching the information about stakeholder participation to include lessons learned about which stakeholders to involve in planning (and when and how), to facilitate planning and implementation in different contexts (e.g., Day, 2017;Fox et al, 2013). Likewise, documentation of planning outputs can be enriched by providing functionality to match and compare the configuration of initial designs with the implementation of conservation actions, such as protected areas registered in the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA) (Juffe-Bignoli et al, 2014).…”

Section: Next Steps: Consolidation Of a Global Scp Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Research advances and gaps in marine planning: towards a global database in systematic conservation planning

Álvarez‐Romero

Mills

Adams

et al. 2018

Biological Conservation

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Systematic conservation planning (SCP) has increasingly been used to prioritize conservation actions, including the design of new protected areas to achieve conservation objectives. Over the last 10 years, the number of marine SCP studies has increased exponentially, yet there is no structured or reliable way to find information on methods, trends, and progress. The rapid growth in methods and marine applications warrants an updated analysis of the literature, as well as reflection on the need for continuous and systematic documentation of SCP exercises in general. To address these gaps, we developed a database to document SCP exercises and populated it with 155 marine SCP exercises found in the primary literature. Based on our review, we provide an update on global advances and trends in marine SCP literature. We found accelerating growth in the number of studies over the past decade, with increasing consideration of socioeconomic variables, land-sea planning, and ecological connectivity. While several studies aimed to inform conservation decisions, we found little evidence of input from practitioners. There are important gaps in geographic coverage and little correspondence with areas most threatened. Five countries lead most studies, but their networks suggest potential for capacity building through collaborations. The varying quality and detail in documentation of studies confirmed the limited opportunities to develop and assess the application of best practice in conservation planning. A global database to track the development, implementation, and impact of SCP applications can thus provide numerous benefits. Our database constitutes an important step towards the development of a centralized repository of information on planning exercises and can serve several roles to advance SCP theory and practice: it facilitates assessing geographic coverage and gaps; scientists and practitioners can access information to identify trends in the use of data, methods, and tools; reviewers and editors of journals can assess whether studies have covered important literature and developments; donors and non-government organizations can identify regions needing further work; and practitioners and policy-makers can learn from previous plans.

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Section: Development Implementation and Impact Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Next Steps: Consolidation Of a Global Scp Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

Research advances and gaps in marine planning: towards a global database in systematic conservation planning

Álvarez‐Romero

Mills

Adams

et al. 2018

Biological Conservation

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“…Adequate and consistent funding is critical to the successful design, establishment and management of MPAs and MPA networks (Guénette and Alder, 2007;Fox et al, 2013). Proper funding is needed to provide necessary logistical capacity and human resources, to ensure that the process is informed by the best available science, and to promote stakeholder engagement, which fosters buy-in and compliance.…”

Section: Provide Consistent and Appropriate Fundingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(IUCN WCPA, 2008). The intent behind MPA network planning is to scale up the benefits of MPAs by using a science-based approach and incorporating connectivity, representativity, and replication of ecosystems, and the maximization of fisheries benefits (Costello et al, 2010;Gaines et al, 2010a,b;Hamilton et al, 2010;Jessen et al, 2011;De Santo, 2013;Fox et al, 2013). MPA network planning can also provide multiple design and placement options, and a range of protection levels that can help to reduce stakeholder conflict (IUCN WCPA, 2008).…”

Section: Develop Network Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A strong mandate, effective enabling legislation, and political will are all critical to successful MPA planning and management (Fernandes et al, 2005;IUCN WCPA, 2008;Fox et al, 2013;Kirlin et al, 2013). Canada, Mexico, and the USA must overcome the jurisdictional complexity that currently impedes effective marine conservation within their respective borders.…”

Section: Prioritize Effective Coordination and Reduce Jurisdictional mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measuring MPAs in Continental North America: How Well Protected Are the Ocean Estates of Canada, Mexico, and the USA?

et al. 2017

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a well-established conservation strategy, employed around the world to protect important marine species and ecosystems and support the recovery of declining populations. The continental waters of North America contain remarkable biodiversity, but many species face increasing pressure from overexploitation, climate change, and other anthropogenic impacts. Canada, Mexico, and the USA have pledged to protect at least 10% of their marine and coastal waters by 2020 as signatories to the Convention on Biological Diversity, and have made efforts to establish MPAs. These MPAs vary widely in terms of levels of protection and designation processes; information that is not reflected in official statistics. To this end, we critically examined progress toward the CBD target for marine protection in continental North American waters to determine how well ocean ecosystems are protected by MPAs. We reviewed government data to determine whether MPAs met four criteria: legal designation, permanence, presence of an administrative structure, and a completed management plan. Sites that met all four criteria were categorized as "implemented." Any sites that failed to meet one or more criterion were considered "incompletely implemented" and excluded from the analysis. We also calculated the amount of "fully-protected" MPAs in which all extractive uses are prohibited. We found that <1% of North America's continental ocean is protected, and only 0.04% is fully-protected. Canada has the least area protected with just 0.11% in implemented MPAs, and 0.01% in fully-protected MPAs. Mexico and the USA have 1.62 and 1.29% in implemented MPAs, and 0.11 and 0.03% in fully-protected MPAs, respectively. Results show that many North American MPAs are incompletely implemented and therefore currently fail to provide adequate protection. The inclusion of such sites in official government statistics can inflate the perception of how much, and how well, the ocean is protected. We outline some of the major challenges to MPA establishment in each country and offer recommendations to increase the number and effectiveness of MPAs in North America.

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Strengthening the synergies among global biodiversity targets to reconcile conservation and socio‐economic demands

Vilar

Magris

Loyola

et al. 2020

Aquatic Conservation

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Most of the world's nations adopted the 20 Aichi global biodiversity targets to be met by 2020, including the protection of at least 10% of their coastal and marine areas (Target 11) and the avoidance of extinction of threatened species (Target 12). However, reconciling these biodiversity targets with socio‐economic demands remains a great dilemma for implementing conservation policies. In this paper, Aichi Targets 11 and 12 were simultaneously addressed using Brazil's exclusive economic zone as an example. Priority areas for expanding the current system of marine protected areas within the country's eight marine ecoregions were identified with data on threatened vertebrates under different scenarios. Additionally, the potential effects of major socio‐economic activities (small‑ and large‐scale fishing, seabed mining, and oil and gas exploration) on the representation of conservation features in proposed marine protected areas were explored. Areas selected for expanding marine protected areas solely based on biodiversity data were different (spatial overlap from 62% to 93%) from areas prioritized when socio‐economic features were incorporated into the analysis. The addition of socio‐economic data in the prioritization process substantially decreased opportunity costs and potential conservation conflicts, at the cost of reducing significantly (up to 31%) the coverage of conservation features. Large‑ and small‐scale fisheries act in most of the exclusive economic zone and are the major constraints for protecting high‐priority areas. Nevertheless, there is some spatial mismatch between areas of special relevance for conservation and socio‐economic activities, suggesting an opportunity for reconciling the achievement of biodiversity targets and development goals within the intricate Brazilian seascape by 2020 and beyond.

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Enabling conditions to support marine protected area network planning: California's Marine Life Protection Act Initiative as a case study

Cited by 37 publications

References 29 publications

Research advances and gaps in marine planning: towards a global database in systematic conservation planning

Research advances and gaps in marine planning: towards a global database in systematic conservation planning

Measuring MPAs in Continental North America: How Well Protected Are the Ocean Estates of Canada, Mexico, and the USA?

Strengthening the synergies among global biodiversity targets to reconcile conservation and socio‐economic demands

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