EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates

Good, Simon; Martin, Matthew J.; Rayner, Nick

doi:10.1002/2013jc009067

Cited by 1,362 publications

(1,269 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…3. Additional VAT time series computed from two observational data sets from EN4.2.0 (Good et al 2013) are shown for examining differences in quality control procedures between EN4.2.0 300 m and from 100 to 500 m at greater depths as the grid of Levitus et al (1994) was adopted. Observed values averaged in the boxes were not vertically interpolated at the 28 levels.…”

Section: Accuracy Of Global Upper Ocean Heat Content Estimation Expecmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of Global Upper Ocean Heat Content Estimation Expected from Present Observational Data Sets

Ishii¹,

Fukuda

Hirahara

et al. 2017

SOLA

144

153

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The simplest global mapping method and dense data coverage for the global oceans by the latest observation network ensure an estimate of global ocean heat content (OHC) within a satisfactory uncertainty for the last 60 years. The observational database conditionally presented a level high enough for practical use for the global OHC estimation when applying bias corrections of expendable bathythermograph, assuming that the other severe observational biases are not included in the database. Uncertainties in annual global mean temperatures averaged vertically from the surface to 1,500 m are within 0.01 K for the period from 1955 onward, when only sampling errors are taken into account. Those in annual mean global OHC of an improved objective analysis for 0−1,500 m depth is 16ZJ on average throughout the period. Compared to previous studies, the new objective analysis provides a higher estimation of the global 0−1,500 m OHC trend for a longer period from 1955 to 2015, which is an increase of 350 ± 57ZJ with a 95% confidence interval.(Citation: Ishii, M., Y. Fukuda, H. Hirahara, S. Yasui, T. Suzuki, and K. Sato, 2017: Accuracy of global upper ocean heat content estimation expected from present observational data sets.

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Section: Accuracy Of Global Upper Ocean Heat Content Estimation Expecmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of Global Upper Ocean Heat Content Estimation Expected from Present Observational Data Sets

Ishii¹,

Fukuda

Hirahara

et al. 2017

SOLA

144

153

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Subsurface temperatures are taken from the EN4 quality-controlled subsurface ocean temperature and salinity profiles and objective analysis dataset (Good et al 2013) provided by the Met Office Hadley Center (http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/en4/). For both datasets, we use information for the time period 1960-2007 at monthly resolution.…”

Section: A Observational Datasetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Increased Agulhas Leakage to Tropical Atlantic Warming

2015

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The upper tropical Atlantic Ocean has markedly warmed since the 1960s. It has been shown that this warming was not due to local heat fluxes and that the trade winds that drive the coastal and equatorial upwelling have intensified rather than weakened. Remote forcing might thus have played an important role. Here, model experiments are used to investigate the contribution from an increased inflow of warm Indian Ocean water through Agulhas leakage. A high-resolution hindcast experiment with interannually varying forcing for the time period 1948-2007, in which Agulhas leakage increases by about 45% from the 1960s to the early 2000s, reproduces the observed warming trend. To tease out the role of Agulhas leakage, a sensitivity experiment designed to only increase Agulhas leakage is used. Compared to a control simulation, it shows a pronounced warming in the upper tropical Atlantic Ocean. A Lagrangian trajectory analysis confirms that a significant portion of Agulhas leakage water reaches the upper 300 m of the tropical Atlantic Ocean within two decades and that the tropical Atlantic warming in the sensitivity experiment is mainly due to water of Agulhas origin. Therefore, it is suggested that the increased trade winds since the 1960s favor upwelling of warmer subsurface waters, which in part originate from the Agulhas, leading to higher SSTs in the tropics.

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“…We focus our observational analysis on the period 1982-2012, over which both in situ and satellite observations of SSTs 22 and sea-surface heat fluxes 23 (SHFs) are available and ocean temperature measurements 24 have reasonable coverage within the SO (Methods). Rapid surface warming is seen in zonal bands along the northern flank of the ACC, with slower warming and cooling to the south (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The GCMs simulate somewhat more Southern Hemispheric ocean heat storage (0.64 ± 0.21 Wm −2 ) than is observed over this period (0.57 Wm −2 from ref. 24 ; Supplementary Information), possibly due to model deficiencies or to observational biases introduced by infilling data-sparse regions of the ocean 2,25 . Yet, they robustly capture the overall patterns of heat storage, with substantial warming in the vicinity of the ACC and less warming to the south (Figs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport

et al. 2016

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The Southern Ocean has shown little warming south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) over recent decades, and Antarctic sea-ice cover has been modestly expanding 1 . Along the northern flank of the ACC, however, the upper ocean has been warming rapidly 2, 3 . Using observations and general circulation model simulations, we show that these patterns -of delayed warming south of the ACC and enhanced warming to the north -are fundamentally shaped by the Southern Ocean's meridional overturning circulation: wind-driven upwelling of unmodified water from depth damps warming around Antarctica; greenhouse gas induced heat uptake is largely balanced by anomalous northward heat transport; and heat is preferentially stored along the northern flank of the ACC, where surface waters are subducted.Further, we find that these processes are primarily due to passive advection of the anomalous warming signal by climatological ocean currents; changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulations play a secondary role. These findings suggest that the Southern Ocean responds to greenhouse gas forcing on the timescale over which the deep ocean waters that are upwelled 1

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EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates

Cited by 1,362 publications

References 38 publications

Accuracy of Global Upper Ocean Heat Content Estimation Expected from Present Observational Data Sets

Accuracy of Global Upper Ocean Heat Content Estimation Expected from Present Observational Data Sets

Contribution of Increased Agulhas Leakage to Tropical Atlantic Warming

Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport

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