“…With development and innovation of the technology driving down costs, the use of 3Dp has become more widespread, eventually resulting in United States Food and Drug Administration approval for several 3Dp devices (Lee, 2016). As described above, 3Dp has many advantages for surgical usage and has become particularly popular in orthopaedic, maxillofacial, cranial and spinal surgery (Guenette et al, 2016;Liew et al, 2015;Onerci Altunay et al, 2016;Schwam et al, 2016;Tack et al, 2016;Wiedermann, et al, 2017;Xiao et al, 2016;Yang et al, 2016), whilst a growing number of case studies have described its use in fields such as interventional radiology (Ghisiawan, et al, 2017;Hossien et al, 2016;Kurup et al, 2015;Schmauss et al, 2015;Shi, et al, 2015;Sodian et al, 2009), paediatric surgery (Morrison et al, 2015;Schmauss et al, 2015) and oncological surgery (Al Jabbari et al, 2016;Bernhard et al, 2016;Matsumoto et al, 2016). To date, 3Dp models have been used primarily as surgical guides and for pre-operative surgical planning (Tack et al, 2016).…”